Sounds In Context

Question 1

What is a phoneme?

Answer 1

Individual vowel and consonants

Question 2

What is an allophone?

Answer 2

A variation in the production of a phoneme

Question 3

What three elements affect the phonetic context?

Answer 3

1. The sounds immediately before / after
2. The sound’s position in the structure of the syllable
3. The degree of stress on the syllable

Question 4

What is perseverative coarticulation?

Answer 4

L > R coarticulation

First segment affects the following segment

Question 5

What is anticipatory coarticulation?

Answer 5

R > L coarticulation

Right segment affects the segment before

Question 6

What is both coarticulation?

Answer 6

R <> L coarticulation

Segment 2 affects segment 1 AND any following segments (e.g nasalisation)

Question 7

What happens if a vowel occurs next to a nasal consonant?

Answer 7

It will be nasalised

Question 8

What type of coarticulation does nasalisation have?

Answer 8

Anticipatory and perseverative

• Anticipatory is the stronger effect

Question 9

What phonetic components does nasalisation apply to?

Answer 9

Sonorants only

Question 10

What is labalisation?

Answer 10

Added lip-rounding

Question 11

When does labalisation occur?

Answer 11

When a consonant precedes a rounded vowel or an intrinsically rounded consonant

Question 12

What type of coarticulation does labalisation have?

Answer 12

Anticipatory

Question 13

Is labalisation predominantly primary or secondary articulation when applied to a consonant?

Answer 13

Secondary

Question 14

What is the diacritic for labalisation?

Answer 14

kʷ

Question 15

What is the diacritic for nasalisation?

Answer 15

ĩ

Question 16

What are the two types of place of articulation changes for velars?

Answer 16

1. Advanced - before front vowels and /j/
2. Retracted - before back vowels and /w/

Question 17

What type of coarticulation is a velar place of articulation change?

Answer 17

Anticipatory

Question 18

How can alveolar stops be altered to by place of articulation changes?

Answer 18

1. Dentalised (advanced) - before dental consonants
2. Post-alveolar (retracted) - before post-alveolar consonants

Question 19

What type of coarticulation change is an alveolar stop place of articulation change?

Answer 19

Anticipatory

Question 20

What are the three stages of plosive production?

Answer 20

1. Approach
2. Hold
3. Release

Question 21

What is a homorganic (gemination) plosive?

Answer 21

When two plosives occur together that share the same place of articulation

• The first plosive is unreleased (bad time)

Question 22

What is a heterorganic plosive?

Answer 22

When two plosives overlap

The release of the first plosive becomes inaudible

Question 23

When will plosives have a nasal release?

Answer 23

Before a homorganic nasal

[kɪdnⁿi]

Question 24

When will plosives or affricates have a nasal approach?

Answer 24

When a homorganic nasal precedes the plosive or the affricate

[hɪnⁿdʒ]

Question 25

What is a lateral release in a plosive?

Answer 25

When the sides of the tongue are lowered

Question 26

What is a lateral approach?

Answer 26

When the sides of the tongue rise to ensure complete oral closure

Question 27

Are vowels normally voiced or voiceless?

Answer 27

Voiced

Question 28

Give the properties of a voiceless consonant.

Answer 28

1. No vocal fold vibration 2. Aspirated or un-aspirated

Question 29

For what manner of consonant production does aspiration normally apply?

Answer 29

Plosives

Question 30

Give the phonetic properties of an un-aspirated plosive.

Answer 30

1. Consonantal restriction is released 2. Voicing starts immediately

Question 31

Give the general phonetic properties of an aspirated plosive.

Answer 31

1. Consonantal restriction is released 2. An interval of (30 - 50 ms) of air escaping through a relatively open glottis 3. Voicing starts

Question 32

What is Voice Onset Time?

Answer 32

The interval between constriction release and voice onset

Question 33

What is aspiration?

Answer 33

Weak frication noise following consonantal release

Question 34

What are the characterisitcs of longer VOT?

Answer 34

Stronger aspiration

Question 35

When does negative VOT start?

Answer 35

Voicing starts BEFORE the constriction release

Question 36

When does zero VOT start?

Answer 36

Voicing starts at the point of constriction release

Question 37

When does positive VOT start?

Answer 37

Voicing starts AFTER constriction release

Question 38

What is the diacritic for aspiration?

Answer 38

pʰ

Question 39

What is the diacritic for devoicing?

Answer 39

d̥

Question 40

Why can some obstruents become devoiced?

Answer 40

Because there is nothing in front of it [b̥iːd̥]

Question 41

What does fortis mean?

Answer 41

A strong breath flow

Question 42

What does lenis mean?

Answer 42

A weak breath flow

Question 43

What type of obstruents are usually described as fortis?

Answer 43

Voiceless obstruents [p t k tʃ f θ s ʃ]

Question 44

What type of obstruents are usually described as lenis?

Answer 44

Usually voiced obstruents [b d g dʒ v ð z ʒ]

Question 45

When does glottalisation occur?

Answer 45

- Only in syllable final position - Unless preceded by a fricative

Question 46

When preceded by a fricative, what are the two types of glottalisation?

Answer 46

1. Reinforcement - [wɪʔtʃ] 2. Replacement - ['tʃʌʔni]

Question 47

If you have a voiceless obstruent, what usually happens to the preceding vowel?

Answer 47

It is shortened

Question 48

If you have a voiced obstruent, what usually happens to the vowel preceding it?

Answer 48

It is lengthened

Question 49

In what position can aspirated stop consonants occur?

Answer 49

- Singleton position (not a cluster) - At the beginning of a stressed syllable (a**_pp_**ear, **_t_**idy)

Question 50

In what position do unaspirated stops occur?

Answer 50

- After an [s] cluster (s**_p_**in, s**_t_**alk)

Question 51

In what position are ejectives usually heard?

Answer 51

- Phrase finally (wai**_t_**, loo**_k_**) - p', t', k'