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Spain Flashcards

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1
Q

Spain is on which peninsula?

A

Iberian Peninsula

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2
Q

What other country is on the Iberian Peninsula, and on what border of Spain is it?

A

Portugal, which is on Spain’s western border

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3
Q

What 2 large bodies of water bracket Spain?

A
  1. Atlantic Ocean = to the north and northwest

2. Mediterranean Sea = to the east and southeast

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4
Q

of any wine-producing country, Spain is known to have which of the following:

a. the largest planted acreage
b. the largest lakes
c. the largest production

A

a. the largest planted acreage

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5
Q

what are the climates of Spain?

A
  • cool maritime along northern coast
  • arid and warm in center of country
  • humid an warm on southern tip
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6
Q

what is the landscape of Spain?

A
  • mountainous, especially in the north

- raised plateau in the central interior called the Meseta

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7
Q

What is Spain’s best known red grape?

A

tempranillo

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8
Q

in spain, wines WITHOUT geographical indication are called:

A

vino

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9
Q

in Spain, wines WITH geographical indication are grouped into 3 overarching classifications with 3 levels nested within the second:

A
  • IGP ._ Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)
  • DOP –>
    1. VCIG (Vinos de Calidad con Indicatión Geográfia)
    2. DO (Denominación de Origen; on par with French AOC)
    3. DOCa (Denominación de Origen Calificada)
  • Vinos de Pagos
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10
Q

what are the only 2 wine regions in Spain with the DOCa classification?
Which was the first?

A
  1. Rioja (first)

2. Priorat

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11
Q

What is Vinos de Pagos?

A

Vinos de Pagos is a category reserved for prestigious single estates whose work exceeds basic DO requirements. These estates can only use their own grapes which must be grown, vilified and aged on their estate.

Estates which have earned the Vinos de Pagos classification lie within established DOs and they aren’t necessarily superior to a DOCa

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12
Q

Where is Rias Baixas DO in Spain?
What is it also known as?
What borders it to the south?

A
  • Northwest corner of Spain
  • aka “green Spain” (it’s super rainy so everything is really green)
  • Portugal lies to the south
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13
Q

What is the climate of Rias Baixas DO?

A

Maritime and fairly humid

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14
Q

Why is Rias Baixas DO so humid?

A
  • Situated on the Atlantic coast

- Numerous rivers running through the region

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15
Q

What are the soils of Rias Baixas DO?

A
  • Granite
  • Alluvial
  • Slate
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16
Q

What is the white grape of Rias Baixas DO?

A

Albariño

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17
Q

if a wine label from Rias Baixas DO has the grape Albariño written on it, what percentage of Albariño must be in the wine?

A

100%

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18
Q

What type of vessels are most used in Rias Baixas DO?

A

Stainless steel
Very few Albariño have new oak and they are few and far between; the grape isn’t well suited for the flavourings of new oak

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19
Q

What style of wine is Albariño from Rias Baixas DO?

A

Crisp, dry, aromatic and unoaked

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20
Q

What is the most important DOCa in north/central Spain?

A

Rioja DOCa

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21
Q

What is the river that runs through Rioja?

A

The Ebro River

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22
Q

What are the 2 mountain ranges that protect Rioja DOCa?

A
  1. Pyrenées Mountains (they divide France and Spain in the northeast)
  2. Cantabrian Mountains (to the northwest)
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23
Q

what is the climate of Rioja DOCa?

A

continental

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24
Q

the mountain ranges that protect Rioja DOCa act as a … … for the region

A

rain shadow

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25
what are rioja DOCa's 3 subregions?
1. Rioja Alta 2. Rioja Alavesa 3. Rioja Oriental (formerly known als Rioja baja)
26
what is the main white grape in rioja?
viura
27
what are the main red grapes of Rioja?
- tempranillo | - garnacha
28
what are the 3 ageing levels in Rioja DOCa?
1. crianza 2. reserva 3. gran reserva
29
what type of oak is traditionally used to age rioja DOCa? | What different type of oak is being used more of today?
- traditional = American oak | - modern = French oak
30
what are the ageing requirements for Rioja Crianza?
Total of 2 years of ageing prior to release, a mix of time of oak and ageing in the bottle.
31
what are the ageing requirements for Rioja Reserva?
Total of 3 years, 1 year of which must be in oak
32
what are the ageing requirements for rioja gran reserva?
total of at least 5 years, of which at least 2 years must be in oak and a minimum of 2 years in the bottle.
33
how often is rioja gran reserva made?
it's made only the best vintages, so around 4-5 times a decade
34
where is Ribera del Duero DO located in relation to rioja?
southwest
35
tempranillo is known as another name in Ribera del Duero. what is it called?
Tinto Fino
36
What styles of wines does Ribera del Duero make: white, red, rosé or a combination of the three
mostly red and a little rosé, and in 2019 Ribera del Duero DO change its regulations to include white wine styles
37
what is the climate of Ribera del duero
contintental
38
Ribera del Duero has an extremely hot growing season. what about the region helps grapes retain acidity and slow their maturation?
diurnal shifts (cold nights)
39
what is the elevation of Ribera del Duero ? | how does it get that elevation?
- 2500 ft/ 750m asl (above sea level) | - Ribera del Duero is situated on the Peseta, that high plateau in the center of Spain
40
what is the river than runs through Ribera del Duero?
the Duero river. | this rivers runs into Portugal where it becomes known as the Douro River
41
what are the 2 most important DOs in the Duero river valley besides Ribera del Duero DO?
1. Toro DO | 2. Rueda DO
42
Quick details on Toro DO: - climate - grape - style of wine
- Continental climate, super hot summers - tempranillo only - full bodied, rich, powerful reds
43
what is the local name for tempranillo in toro do?
tinto de toro
44
quick details on rueda do: - climate - grapes - style of wine
- continental - verdejo + sauvignon blanc (both white grapes) - crisp, dry whites made in stainless steel
45
catalonia is a region in the ... corner of Spain
northeast
46
what is the major city in Catalonia?
barcelona
47
what are the major DOs of Catalonia?
1. Penedes DO / Cava DO | 2. Priorat DOCa (DOQ in Catalan)
48
what are some geographical boundaries of Catalonia?
1. Pyrenees Mountains to the north | 2. Mediterranean Sea to the east
49
what is the climate of Penedes DO / Cava Do
mediterranean
50
what are the grapes of Penedes DO / Cava DO?
- macabeo - xarel-lo - parellada
51
what style lf wine is made in penedes DO/ Cava Do?
sparkling wine made with traditional method
52
what is the soil of Priorat DOCa?
- stony schist soils | - Llicorella, a special type of black slate + quartzite soil
53
what are the red grapes of Priorat DOCa?
- garnacha | - cariñena
54
the style of wine made in Priorat DOCa is: a. powerful, concentrated, dry reds b. light bodied, aromatic, off-dry whites
powerful, concentrated, dry red
55
Irrigation in spain
permitted in 1996 Still regulated by regions (Consejo regulador) - in some only to establish young vines - not permitted during ripening period
56
Historically important Spanish winemaker
18th century /Manuel Quinano y Quintano - experience from bordeaux during civil war 19th century - new techniques brought back Miquel Torres (20th century) - French and German varieties, trellising - temperature control, laboratories established
57
phylloxera in spain
came in very late stage when remedies were knwon - Spain supplied wine to phylloxera hit France beforehand many regions were unaffected thanks to sandy soils - Toro, Rueda
58
Spain climate
generally warm, can vary markedly - extensive coastline, mountains, plateau Low annuals rainfall (as little as 300mm) North west - influenced by Atlantic - maritime - high rainfall level North, North-east - sheltered from Atlantic by mountains - continental with maritime or mediterranean influence south and east - moderated mediterranean climate Meseta plateau (central spain) - continental - 600-900m moderates the heat
59
Spain vineyard management
many old bush vines planted at low density - low annual rainfall (as little as 300mm) - naturally low yields - irrigation is permitted (regulated by regions) heavy storms with temperatures raising quickly afterwards - risk of mildew - in some regions frosts is problem (continental) phylloxera 20th century - resistant rootstocks - toro, rueda unaffected (sandy soil) significant producers farming organic (few certified) - not believing in raising cost by certification Average very small vineyard holdings (66^ 0.5ha) - limited mechanization
60
Name of large raised plateau in central spain
Meseta 600-900m moderates the heat
61
Size of vineyards plantings (world's rating)
Worlds largest vineyard plantings 967,000 ha - but only 3rd largest wine producer (Italy, france) Many bush vines and low density
62
grape varieties
airen tempranillo bobal garnacha macabeo monastrell relatively evenly spread between white and red
63
airen
central spain, Castilla - la mancha inexpensive neutral white wines much used for distillation of brandy de Jerez
64
tempranillo
various synonyms various quality levels - best from rioja, Ribera del Duero, toro medium to high yields - quality focused growers reduce yields early ripening - best in warm regions with some cooling influence
65
bobal
mainly east coast red and rose wines
66
garnacha tinta
grenache red and rose (central and north-east mainly)
67
Macabeo
Mainly Catalunya - both stil and cava main white variety in Rioja (called viura) Many inexpensive but also premium examples - ferment and aged in oak
68
monastrell
mourvedre predominantly Valencia and Murcia - well suited to Mediterranean climate - needs heat late in season - late ripening
69
Synonym for Alicante Bouschet in Spain
Garnacha Tintorera
70
Synonym for Garnacha Tintorera
Alicante Bouschet
71
Synonym for Macabeo
Viura
72
Synonym for Viura
Macabeo
73
Synonym for monastrell
mourvedre
74
what is Mourvèdre called in spain
monastrell
75
winemaking for yourful fruit red white and rose
made protectively stainless steel with temp controlled inert gases cultured yeast fining and/or filtration many undergo carbonic or semi-carbonic maceration
76
winemaking in spain
temperature control - some use concrete, eggs, amphorae oak maturation very common for reds (mid price and above) - American oak common (raising French oak)
77
white winemaking
temperature control - some use concrete, eggs, amphorae unoaked but also fermented and/or aged in wood - unoaked whites may be aged on lees
78
General ageing rules of wines in spain
national ageing legislation specifies the minimum times of ageing in oak for Crianza, Reserva, and Gran Reserva - individual DOs may be stricter - criticised for being too prescriptive but also not enough - no quality requirements set for these categories - age and origin of oak not specified - very little indication of style or value The oak vessel MUST be of a max 330 l Many producers don't use these labelling terms - larger barrels - not meeting minimum time - no believe in the system Mostly used in Rioja or Ribera del Duero
79
Criticism of ageing requirements in Spain
- too prescriptive but also not enough - no quality requirements set for these categories - age and origin of oak not specified - very little indication of style or value Many producers don't use these labelling terms - larger barrels - not meeting minimum time - no believe in the system
80
maximum size of barrel for ageing of Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva
330 liters
81
Where are Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva labelling terms mostly used?
Rioja Ribera del Duero toro
82
Joven
Term for wines which are released young
83
Labelling term for oak
Roble
84
Term for wines which are released young
Joven
85
Oak of Choice
American - strong trading relationship with America - relatively cheap compared with French oak Use of French oak has grown - pendels, priorat, ribera del Duero Also blending both
86
rose winemaking
much is inexpensive and sold in bulk better understanding of Viti and harvesting times, improvements in vine and focus on market trends Leading away from over-ripe jammy wines Classically deep colour (pale colours increased in recent years) - longer skin contact - mainly steel - bottles soon after ferment - may be matured and stored in oak on lees
87
Minimum ageing for Crianza
Red - total 24 months - 6 months in barrel white and rose - total 18 months - 6 months in barrel
88
minimum ageing for reserva
red - total 36 months - 12 months in barrel white and rose - total 24 months - 6 months in barrel
89
minimum ageing for Gran Reserva
red - total 60 months - 18 months in barrel white and rose - total 48 months - 6 months in barrel
90
wine law and regulations
labelling terms PDO and PGI system as part of EU DO and DOCa/ DOQ (Denominacion de origen) - 70 DO - Rioja and Priorat are the only DOCa/DOQ (denominacion de origen calificada) VP (vino de Pago) - small numbers of single estates with high reputations - estates may use only their grapes, vilified and matured on their estate - within PDO VT (Vino de la Tierra) - PGI wines (around 40VTs) Vino - without geographical indication Set and controlled by Consejo Regulador - max yields - permitted varieties - vineyards practices (irrigation) - winemaking practises (ageing) - botteling requirements
91
requirements to apply for DOQ / DOCa status
DO must have been established for min of 10 years All wines must be bottled at producer's property Various quality regulation - including tasting assessment by external panel
92
Difference between Vino de Pago and Grandes Lagos de Espana
VP (Vino de Pago) - small numbers of single estates with high reputations - estates may use only their grapes, vilified and matures on their estate - within PDO Grandes Pagos de Espana - association of prestigious estates - only some are qualified to label as 'vino de pago'
93
who regulates wine law in each denomination, what can be regulated?
Consejo Regulador - max yields - permitted varieties - vineyard practices (irrigation) - winemaking practises (ageing) - bottling requirements
94
winebusiness in spain general
many producers with tiny landholding - dominated by cooperatives - negociants also common - wine estates produce small volumes Large businesses - J Garcia Carrion - Felix Solis Avantis - Pardon Ricard Groupe - Miguel Torres SA - Bodegas Martin Codas SA Low domestic consumption - 20l per capita - trend toward higher quality within DO status world's largest exporter in terms of volume - average price per litre is the lowest of large exporters (half of Italy, fifth of France) - world's largest producer of bulk wine (55% export) Handful of super premium wines - not a larger investment market Main export - france, germany, uk, china, usa
95
Proportion of bulk wine
55% of export Worlds largest bulk wine producer
96
promotional body of Spanish wine
foods and wines from spain
97
wine DOs in Galicia
Rias Baixas DO Ribeiro DO Ribeira Sacra DO Valdeorras DO Monterrei DO
98
Rias Baixas DO Climate
Strong maritime climate - high annual rainfall (1700mm) - problem of fungal diseases and rain before harvest - significant vintage variation soils sand over granite (free-draining)
99
Rias Baixas grape varieties
albarino (95%) loureira treixadura Caino blanco souson (black) Caino tinto (black)
100
Rias baixas DO topography
soil sand over granite (free-draining) close to the atlantic
101
rias baixas DO subzones
5 sub zones Val do Salnes - coolest and wettest - high acidity O Rosal - along river Mino on border with Portugal (vinho verde) - often blends (albarino, loureira, and treixadura) condado do tea - warmer, riper style, more peach, lower acidity Ribeira do Ulla - inexpensive wines soutomaior - smalles
102
Rias Biaxas DO producers
Cooperative Bodegas Martin Codax Pazo de Senorans Palacio de Fefinanes
103
Rias Baixas DO general
In Galicia replanted with palomino after phylloxera significant improvements in quality - quick raise of popularity
104
Albarino
mostly in rias baixas well suited to damp climate (thick skins - less prone to rot) early to mid ripening high in acidity, medium - (medium) body, medium alcohol, aroma of apple, lemon, grapefruit, peach sometimes floral Usually made as Single variety, sometimes blend with loureira, treixadura, Caino blanco
105
Loureira
occasions blending partner of albarino early ripening, medium+ acidity, citrus, pear, floral, herbal notes
106
Trellising in Rias Baixas
pergola (parral) remains popular - trained high to promote circulation under canopy now common VSP for mechanisation (used for easier maintenance, often lower rainfall areas)
107
winemaking in Rias Baixas
Generally protective - few hours skin maceration - cool ferment in steel - may have Malo in cool years - often stored on lees - few premium producers store in oak
108
Spanish term for sur lie
sobre lias
109
Ribeiro DO
in galicia maritime climate (more sheltered than rias baixas) high rainfall mainly white wines - most planted treixadura (often oak aged)
110
ribeira Sacra DO
In galicia Mainly continental climate with maritime influence vineyards on stony slopes with good drainage and reflecting heat - extremely labour intensive Mencia most plated variety (only red dominated region in Galicia)
111
Valdeorras DO
In galicia Continental climate with plenty of rainfall (700-1000mm) - vineyards in altitude 300m Quality focused production of Godello (citrus, stone fruit, herbal, wet stone, med+ acidity) - often fermented and/ or aged in oak
112
Monterrei DO
wine region in Galicia continental climate - sheltered from ocean by Sierra de Larouca Mountains - south of Ribeira Sacra - Relatively low rainfall - Mencia and Godello Mostly inexpensive bulk wine
113
Castilla y león climate
Contintenal with maritime influence in the west Made up of high altitude plateau - Meseta and mountains to the north and south
114
Castilla y león wine regions
Bierzo DO Toro DO Ribeira del Duero DO Rueda DO Castilla y león DO
115
Bierzo DO climate and varieties + requirements for red wines
Recent lift of quality by Ricardo Perez and Alvaro Palacios in 1990s Continental climate with occasional maritime influence - adequate rainfall - marked vintage variation (wet x dry years) Dominated by Mencia (75%) and some Godello Min 70% of mencia in any red wine blend - can be blended with alicante borscht - only 2% of Alicante planted in Biers, so mostly 100% mencia wines - sometimes carbonic
116
Mencia
Early to mid-ripening Can loos acidity fast as sugar accumulates (high alcohol if picked late) Ranges from light bodied to concentrated wines with high tannin Med to Med+ body and tannins, ripe red cherry and plum, sometimes floral or herbal note Often matured in oak Med+ to high acidity
117
Bierzo DO soils, topography and classification of vineyards
flat plains - fertile silty loam soils Best vineyards on hillsides - 500-850mm - good drainage - poor slate soils limiting vigour - cooling influence - high diurnal range
118
Toro DO, climate, viticulture, requirements for wines, typical expression
Part of Castilla y leon region - Duero river Contintenal climate - altitude 620-750mm - large diurnal range - forst can be problem - low rainfall (irrigation not allowed from June) Viticulture - low density (max 2700 vines per ha allowed) - low number of bunches - mainly bush vines - ungrafted vines (sandy soils) Red wines must be min 75% Tinta de Toro - remaining garnacha - max 15% alcohol - often aged in oak with proportion of new Rose (Tinta de Toro or Garnacha) White: Malvasia or Verdejo
119
Synonym for Tempranillo in Toro
Tinta de Toro but with thicker skins - greater colour and tannin
120
Toro DO Climate
Continental climate - altitude 620-750mm - large diurnal range - frost can be problem - low rainfall (irrigation not allowed from June)
121
Toro DO Viticulture
- low density (max 2700 vines per ha allowed) - bush vines - low number on bunches - ungrafted vines (sandy soils)
122
Toro DO red wine expression
deep colour, full body, often high alcohol with high tannins Ripe blackberry and blueberry medium + to high acidity Often aged in oak with proportion of new
123
Producers in Toro
Teso La Monja Numanthia
124
First winery established in Ribeira del Duero
Vega Sicilia in late 19th century
125
Raise and history of Ribeira del Duero
First established winery - Vega Sicilia in late 19th century aleandro Fernandez - pesquera winery - with international acclaim Close proximity to madrid investment from other regions (Catalunya and rioja) Rapid expansion of vineyard area
126
Ribera del Duero DO + climate
part of Castilla y Leon on upper valley of river Duero continental climate - low rainfall (400-600mm) - irrigation can be used before ripening period - high altitudes (700-1000m) - frost problem
127
What is tempranillo called in Ribera del Duero
Tinta fino or Tinta del Pais
128
ribeira del Duero D?O Grape varieties
predominantly Tempranillo - here Tinta Fino or Tinta del Pais - many bus views (new vines trellised) small vineyard holding
129
Ribeira del Duero DO Requirements and style and producers
Red and Rose only min 75% tempranillo - with cabernet sauvignon, merlot, Malbec, garnacha, and Albillo (white) French oak is popular - new oak is common ageing categories (crianza, reserva) commonly used Full body, high alcohol, ripe flavours, blackberry, plum, vanilla, chocolate Tent to be good to outstanding - Vega Sicilia, Aalto, Dominio de Pingus
130
Rueda Climate, grapes, winemaking, producers
Part of Castilla y leon Dominated by white wines - used to produce oxidative styles - marques de Riscal - protective styles Contintental climate - low rainfall - high altitudes (700-800m) - frost problem - sandy stone free draining, low nutrient soils Verdejo mainly some SB -= min 85% of named variety - old bush vines Quality wine making - lees ageing with regular stirring - fermented and/or matured in oak - Malo generally avoided Ossian, Bodega Belondrade y Lurton Significant proportion of wineries are owned by companies based in Rioja or Ribera del Duero (as a white wine in their portfolio)
131
Verdejo
Relatively drought tolerant med to med+ acidity, ned alcohol, apple, pear and peach, often herbal note (fennel) and slight bitterness on finish typically grown in Rueda
132
Castilla y león VT
Northern part of meseta - protected from any Atlantic influence by mountains - continental climate large number of local and international varieties permitted. PGI permits producers outside DO boundaries to produce wine with a geographical indication
133
Rioja DOCa topography, climate and soils
along river Ebro - eastern side gets Mediterranean influence through the river - tributaries provide several aspects and soils Sierra de Cantabria to the north (protection from Atlantic) Sierra de la Demanda to the south (protection from warmer centre of spain) 3 zones (can appear on the label) Rioja Alta - continental with maritime influence - relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay - south 700m cool and wet, ferrous clay Rioja Alavesa - Relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay Rioja Oriental - northern part - low altitude, warmest, driest - south 500-1000, cool - calcareous and ferrous clay Vintage variation (various influence of mediterranean and maritime) old bush vines but also trellised vineyards drought problems
134
3 zones in Rioja and their differences
Rioja Alta - continental with maritime influence - relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay - south 700m cool and wet, ferrous clay Rioja Alavesa - Relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay Rioja Oriental - northern part - low altitude, warmest, driest - south 500-1000, cool - calcareous and ferrous clay
135
varieties in Rioja
Black varieties (91%) Tempranillo (88% of black varieties) Garnacha Graciano mazuelo Maturana Tinta Cabernet Sauvignon Viura Tempranillo Bianco Malvasia Garnacha Blanca Verdejo Sauvignon blanc
136
Tempranillo in Rioja
reliably producers higher yields - legalization of irrigation - replanted after garnacha better suited to Rioja Alta and Alavesa to ripen in cool high altitude sites with clay
137
Where is garnacha grown in Rioja
Mostly rioja oriental - warm, dry conditions
138
Graciano
late ripening, drought resistant small yieldds susceptible to fungal disease high acidity and tannin fresh black fruit flavours to rioja blends
139
mazuelo
spanish name for carignan (also carinena) used for its high acidity in blends
140
maturana tinta
spanish name for trousseau deep purple colour, high acidity, fresh cranberry, blackberry
141
viura
also macabeo late budding, late ripening susceptible to botrytis, best suited to dry, warm sites relatively neutral
142
Tempranillo bianco
mutation of Tempranillo used in rioja blends high acidity, lemon, grapefruit, pineapple second most planted white variety in rioja
143
rioja red winemaking
blend of varieties crianza, reserva, gran reserva labelling used with min requirements for ageing - only 225l barriques can be used 2 contrasting styles: - low yields, concentrated, French oak - vinos de autor - American oak, long ageing - coconut, cured meat both still do exist but ow there is a compromise somewhere in the middle: highlighting characteristics and quality of grapes selection of harvest dates often earlier - more gentle extraction - oder and/or larger oak (or concrete, amphorae) - shorter maturation - French oak now more common than american oak - blending parcels from different parts of rioja single vineyard wines can be also made
144
vinos de autor
oldfashioned style of rioja from very low yields of concentrated wines aged in French oak without falling into reserva labelling
145
contrasting styles of rioja from the past
low yields, concentrated, fresh oak bios de autor American oak, long ageing coconut, cured meat both still do exist but now there is a compromise somewhere in the middle
146
rioja white winemaking
inexpensive unoaked style premium - tend to be oaked - sometimes oxidative (traditional) med+ body, med+ acidity, citrus, smoky, nutty aroma Traditional oxidative style producers - castillo Ygay - vina tondonia Gran Reserva - dried fruits, honey, nuts, high acidity
147
rioja wine regulations
new regulations approved in 2017 Vino de Zona - all grapes from named zone (15% can be from outside the zone, if vineyard borders the zone and grapes have been sourced for 10 consecutive years) - vinified, aged, bottled within zone - label can indicate the zone Vino de Municipio - all grapes from named municipality (15% can be from outside the municipality, if vineyards borders the municipality and grapes have been sourced for 10 consecutive years) - vinified, aged, bottled within municipality - label can indicate the municipality (and also zone) Vinedo Singular (single vineyard) - all grapes from named vineyard - vinification, ageing, storage and bottling within same winery - producer must own vineyard for 10 consecutive years - min 35 years old - max yield must be respected - must be hand harvested and treated in sustainable way - restrictions on pruning during growing season - checks on traceability - must be authorised by tasting panel - may indicate municipality and zone as well Ageing must be done in 225l barriques Crianza/ reserva / gran reserva categories
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spanish name for single vineayrd and its regulations
vinden singular - all grapes from named vineyard - vinification, ageing, storage and bottling within same winery - producer must own vineyard for 10 consecutive years - min 35 years old - max yield must be respected - must be hard harvested and treated in sustainable way - restrictions on pruning during growing season - checks on traceability - must be authorised by tasting panel - may indicate municipality and zone as well
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Rioja wine business
consists of small vineyards (most below 1ha) - cooperatives have strong position - many producers are also merchants Sales are slowly increasing 40% export - UK, Germany, USa Crianza is popular in spain Average price of Rioja is higher than other spanish DOs - but still below prices of France and Italy Relatively small investment market marketed as value for money and diverse wine Producers initiative to promote - bodegas Familiares de Rioja (40 producers) - rioja 'n' roll
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navarra DO Climate
many climatic influences - atlantic - mediterranean - pyrenees 5 subzones Baja Montana (hilly north) - cooler, wetter (atlantic + pyrenees influence) Valdizarbe and Tierra Estella (east to west) - cooler, wetter (atlantic + pyrenees influence) Ribeira Alta (middle) and Ribera Baja (south) - warmer, drier, flatter
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Grape varieties in Navarra DO
wild range garnacha tempranillo cabernet sauvignon merlot chardonnay + moscatel de Grano Menudo, Sauvignon blanc, Viura and Malvasia
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Navarra wine styles
tempranillo open single varietal cabernet and merlot usually blended with tempranillo and sometimes garnacha light to concentrated wines (aged for one year +) - French oak for cabernet - American oak for tempranillo Crianza, riserva, gran reserva chardonnay both oaked and unoaked significant amount of rose from garnacha - sometimes blended with cabernet and tempranillo - must be made bye short maceration - direct pressing NOT permitted - some ferment/ age in barrels
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spanish synonym for muscat a petits grains
mocatel de grano menudo
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producers in navarra
domaine Lupier Bodegas J. Chivite Small vineyard holdings in general
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wineregions in aragon
Carinena DO Camo de Borja DO Calatayud DO Somontano DO
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Carinena DO climate and wine styles
warm continental climate - annual rainfall 450-500mm - high diurnal range from altitude (400-900m) - cold winds (cierzo) from north - slower ripening - rocky free draining soils Mainly red - a lot of old vine garnacha - mainly cooperatives - a lot of high volume inexpensive wines
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Camo de Borja DO climate and wine styles
warm continental climate - annual rainfall 450-500mm - high diurnal range from altitude (400-900m) - cold winds (cierzo) from north - slower ripening - rocky free draining soils Mainly red - a lot of old vine garnacha - mainly cooperatives - a lot of high volume inexpensive wines
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Calatayud DO climate and wine styles
warm continental climate - annual rainfall 450-500mm - high diurnal range from altitude (400-900m) - cold winds (cierzo) from north - slower ripening - rocky free draining soils Mainly red - a lot of old vine garnacha - mainly cooperatives - a lot of high volume inexpensive wines
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Name of cold wind in Aragon
Cierzo
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Somontano DO
region in Aragon At foot of the Pyrenees - warm continental climate - 350-650m - large diurnal range - cold breezes from Pyrenees wide range of varieties - cabernet sauvignon, chardonnay most planted - gewurztraminer mid priced wines, competition from other better known regions
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Wine regions of Catalunya
Catalunya DO Penedes DO Priorat DOQ Montsant DO Costers del Segre DO
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Catalunya DO
applies to grapes grown anywhere in Catalunya mainly for inexpensive wines allows more freedom of varieties and where grapes can be grown
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Penedes DO
various styles including cava warm mediterranean climate - split into 3 climatic sub-zones Penedes Maritim - between sea and coastal ranges - low altitude - warm climate without temperature extremes - full bodied red wines from late ripening varieties - grapes for Cava Penedes Central - relatively flat plains(pre-coastal depression) - between coastal range and inland mountains - moderately high altitude (up to 500m) - cooling influence - large plantings of cava grapes and merlot, cabernet, tempranillo, and chardonnay Penedes superior - inland mountains 500-800m - cooling influence - spring frost - cool conditions - chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, riesling, pinot noir - rainfall around 500mm, - irrigation used - loam with calcareous deposit - water holding capacity - bush vines and trellising with mechanization
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grape varieties in Penedes DO
80% white - xarel-lo, macabeo, parellada - chardonnay (moscatel, sauvignon blanc, gewurztraminer, riesling) merlot (cabernet sauvignon, tempranillo, pinot noir, syrah)
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Penedes maritim
between sea and coastal ranges low altitude warm climate without temperature extremes full bodied red wines from late ripening varieties grapes for cava
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Penedes central
relatively flat plains (pre-coastal depression) between coastal range and inland mountains moderately high altitude (up to 500m) cooling influence large plantings of cava grapes and merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, tempranillo and chardonnay
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Penedes superior
inland mountains 500-800m cooling influence - spring frost cooling conditions - chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, riesling, pinot noir - rainfall around 500mm - irrigation used - loam with calcareous deposit - water holding capacity - bush vines and trellising with mechanisation
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Development of Penedes
One of first spanish regions to modernize - miquel torres - temperature controlS
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Style of wine in Penedes
wide range of varieties and styles including Cava Inexpensive fruit driven wines More expensive red wines and some chardonnay are often matured in oak, usually french
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Penedes wine sales
30% exported - Germany, canada, Switzerland, china, USA Domestic sales 90% sold in Catalunya - nearby Barcelona
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Priorat DOQ winemaking history
Carhusian monks planting vineyards in 12th century Lack of easy access and challenging topography, extremes of weather made viticulture difficult - most vineyards very abandoned after phylloxera 1989 Rene Barbier - formed small group of viticulturists - using French inspired techniques - blending cabernet, merlot, syrah with garnacha and carinena - nClos Mogador, Clos Dofi, Clos de L'Obac, Clos Martinet, Clos Erasmus Followed by fast increase in plantings Promotion to DOQ in 2009
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5 prestige 'clos' of Priorat
Clos Mogador Clos Dofi Clos de L'Obac Clos Martinet Clos Erasmus
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Priorat, climate, viticulture, challenges and hazards
warm continental cliate - protected from cold winds by Serra de Monsanto in north and from mediterranean by Serra de Llaberia to the south - high diurnal range - spring frost can be problem - rainfall 500-600mm typically falling in heavy storms in the winter and spring - summers are very dry - irrigation permitted in driest years and to establish new vineyards River Siurana - range of altitudes 100-750m - range of aspects - extremely rugged topography Vineyards on slopes (known as coasters) - ranging between 5 and 60% gradient - narrow terraces (water run-off reduced) - erosion - everything done by hand - number of old bush vines
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Priorat soils
Poor and stony with outcrops of clay slate based soils - Llicorella - thin, rocky - lacking nutrients - particles of mica reflecting light and heat back - vines can grow deep roots to search for limited water - low yields per vine (as low as 5-6 hl/ha)
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Maximum yield in Priorat
39hl/ha rarely achieved - low densities - old vines - low nutrients - low water sometimes as low as 5-6hl/ha
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Priorat grape varieties
Traditional garnacha and carinena - carinena gewoon on warmest sites Cabernet sauvignon, merlot, syrah white (only 6%) - garnacha Blanca, macabeo
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winemaking in priorat and typical expression of red priorat
very tradition (basket press, large oak) to modern (stainless, optical sorting) Cultured yeast often used (due to high potential alcohol) Typically fermented in oak (often French) - usually 1-2 years Quality focused winemakers usually aim to for freshness and acidity High alcohol (14,5%) is balanced by concentrated ripe but not jammy fruit, medium + acidity
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Classifications in Priorat
Vi de Vila - grapes from one of 12 sub-zones - name of sub-zone + Vi de Vila Vi de Paratge - grapes from single partake (named site - lieu dit) - 459 paartjes noted for their geology and microclimate - covers whole Priorat Vinya Classificada - single vineyard within Partake (equivalent to Cru) Gran Vinya Classificada - single vineyard of exceptional merit within Partake - equivalent to grand Cru To qualify for any classification producer must: - own vineyard or rent it for min 7 years - each classification has own rules about % of blend, vine age and max yield - 'old vines' classified term min 75 years
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General rules for classification of wine in Priorat
To qualify for any classification producer must: - own vineyard or rent it for min 7 years - each classification has own rules about % of blend, vine age and max yield - 'old vines' classified term min 75years
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Montsant DO, climate, soils, viticulture, grape varieties, styles and producers
Wineregion in Catalunya Forms a complete ring around Priorat - flat land around river Ebro - more mediterranean influence than Priorat - temperatures are not so extreme - few more mountainous places with cooler temp Mostly clay based sandy soils, patches of llicorella - slighty more fertile than Priorat (higher yields) Overall less extreme topography - some terraced vineyards - trellised vineyards relatively common - some bush vines Dominated by Garnacha and Carinena + Tempranillo (unlike Priorat) + syrah, merlot, cabernet sauvignon - more single varietal Carinena and Garnacha - usually 1-2 years of maturation in American or French oak producers: Espectacle and Cellar de Capcanes Majority produced by cooperatives Number of priorat producers own vineyards here as land is cheaper and less expensive to work
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Costers del Segre DO
Wineregion in catalunya relatively far from sea - continental climate - low average rainfall (400mm) Saline soils were improved by irrigation 200-700m, cooler sites are used for Cava - free draining, sandy soils - irrigation needed in most vineyards wide range of international and local varieties - macabeo, parrellada, xarel-lo - chardonnay, garnacha blanca, sauvignon blanc - garnacha, tempranillo, cabernet sauvignon, merlot generally fresh and fruity Raimat owns 1/3 of land (who helped to establish the region) other: Castel d'Encus
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Wineregions in Valencia and Murcia
Valencia: - Valencia DO - Utiel-Requena DO - Alicante DO Murcia: - Jumilla DO - Yecla DO
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Valencia DO
Warm mediterranean cimate - cooling influences from the coast and altitude - low rainfall - 450 mm (irrigation used) Includes small sub-zones - Alto Turia - foothills of Sistema Iberia (700-1100m) - coolest area, exclusively white wine - Moscatel de Alejandria and Merseguera - VP El Terrerazo (Bodega Mustiguillo) - Valentino - warmer, but cooled by sea breezers - diverse range of varieties - clariano, Moscatel - produces moscatel de valencia (vino de licor) mostly adequate quality, cooperatives
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what is vino de liquor and muscatel de valencia
unfermented grape must that has been fortified with grape spirit
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Utiel-Requena DO
Wineregion in Valencia Continental climate - 750m - risk of frost - rainfall around 450mm 95% red varieties - mostly bobal (mid to late budding, very drought tolerant, tannins can be grippy, able to retain acidity ripen unevenly, vigorous and high yielding) - mostly blending to support concentration
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Bobal
grape variety widely used in Utiel-Requena (valencia) - mid to late budding - very drought tolerant - tannins can be grippy - able to retain acidity - ripens unevenly, vigorous and high yielding - mostly blending to support concentration in inexpensive wines - often carbonic maceration Blakcberry, black cherry, chocolate
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Alicante DO
region in Valencia Mediterranean climate - extremely dry (average 250mm) Monastrell (vinalopo zone) Moscatel de Alejandria (marina alta zone) - humid breezes - sweet wines mostly low density bush vines Red alicante DO must be min 80% monastrell + alicante boucher, harnacha, bobal - full bodied, high tannins, ripe black fruit, barrel ageing (American common) Fondillon
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Fondillon
historical wine style in Alicante DO Medium sweet red wine max 40g/l RS late harvested monastrell min alcohol 16% no fortification allowed min 10 years of maturation in oak (usually 1200l) can be Anada or made by solar system tend to be oxidative (dried fruits and nuts)
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Jumilla DO
wineregion in Murcia Flat plains, warm continental climate - 400-800m - cooling influence from altitude - diurnal range - low annual rainfall 250-300 mm - sand over limestone (water retention) - many vineyards do not irrigate Mainly monastrell (80%) - full bodied with high alcohol, blackberry, cherry, spice other grapes: - censibel (tempranillo) Garnacha Tintorera (alicante Bouchet), garnacha, cabernet, merlot, syrah, petit Verdot - often blended with monastrell to soften tannins mainly inexpensive wines with few premium (cash Castillo, Bodegas El Nido) Almost whole production sold on export market
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Yecla DO
Flat plains, warm continental climate - some moderation from Mediterranean - 500-900m - cooling influence from altitude - diurnal range - low annual rainfall 300mm - mixture of sand and limestone Monastrell dominant Bulk and bottled. One cooperative produces 60% 95% exported
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Wine regions of Castilla-La Mancha
La Mancha DO Valdepeñas DO Vino de Pago (9 out of 18 in Spain) - Dominio de Valdepusa Castilla VT
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La Mancha DO
Largest DO in Spain, largest PDO in Europe (158,000ha) Large relatively flat peseta at 500-700m Extreme continental climate - +45 degrees to - 20 degrees - rainfall 300-400mm - limestone and chalk (retention of water) - irrigation common - low densities of bush vines 1000 per hectare - trellised, irrigated vineyards 3000 per hectare Airen - neutral wine for early consumption - for destillation cencibel (tempranillo) - fruity style with short contact with oak cooperatives - majority of production - Virgen de las Vinas (largest in spain) sold in bulk or bottled 40% exported
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Valdepeñas DO
Extreme continental climate South of Meseta Cencibel (tempranillo) inexpensive wines
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Castilla VT
large range of international and local varieties inexpensive wines
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Txakoli DO
moderate maritime climate - rainfall as high as 1600mm - fungal diseases Mainly Hondarrabi Zuri (white) - high acidity, medium- body, low alcohol, fresh apple, pear, lemon - sometimes light spritz
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Sierra de Gredos
Mountain range, does not have its own denomination - may be labelled as Vinos de Madrid DO, Mentrida DO, Cebreros DO, Castilla y Leon VT Old vine Garnacha in very light style - 600-1200m - lighter in tannins, medium+ acidity, strawberry, cherry Low intervention wines, low levels of sulphur Albillo Real - full bodied wines with citrus, floral notes, medium to medium plus acidity - fermented or/and matured in oak sometimes on skins
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The Islands of Spain
Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera) - Manto Negro, Called, Monastrell, Tempranillo, Malvasia, Cabernet, Chardonnay
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Canary Islands
tropical influence, hot humid conditions up to 1500m mechanization impossible phylloxera not present
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Tenerife
5 DOs Listan negro, malvasia, listan blanco (palomino) often carbonic maceration
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Valle de Orotava DO
Tenerife Several vines twisted together to form long rope, trained on low wires, growing up and down the hillsides
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Lanzarote
dark volcanic ash grower dug into ash and protect vines form winds and capture any moisture possible Malvasia, dry and sweet
ASI
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