Spain Flashcards

Question

White winemaking

Answer 1

Temperature control - some use concrete, eggs, amphorae Unoaked but also fermented and/or aged in wood - unoaked whites may be aged on lees.

Answer 2

National ageing legislation specifies the minimum times of ageing in oak for Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva - individual DOs may be stricter - criticised for being too prescriptive but also not enough - no quality requirements set for these categories - age and origin of oak not specified - very little indication of style or value The oak vessel MUST be of a maximum 330 litres Many producers don't use these labelling terms - larger barrels - not meeting minimum time - no believe in the system Mostly used in Rioja or RIbera del Duero

Answer 3

- too prescriptive but also not enough - no quality requirements set for these categories - age and origin of oak not specified - very little indication of style or value Many producers don't use these labelling terms - larger barrels - not meeting minimum time - no believe in the system

Answer 4

330 litres

Answer 5

Rioja Ribera del Duero

Answer 6

Labelling term for oak

Answer 7

Term for wines released young | - often minimum oak

Answer 8

American - strong trading relationship with America - relatively cheap compared to French oak Use of French oak has grown - Penedes, Priorat, Ribera del Duero Also blending both

Answer 9

much is inexpensive and sold in bulk Better understanding of viti and harvesting times, improvements in vini and focus on market trends Leading away from over-ripe jammy wines Classically deep colour (pale colours increased in recent years) - longer skin contact - mainly steel - bottled soon after ferment - may be matured and stored in oak on lees

Answer 10

Red - total 24 months - 6 months in barrel White and rose - total 18 months - 6 months in barrel

Answer 11

Red - total 36 months - 12 months in barrel White and rose - total 24 months - 6 months in barrel

Answer 12

Red - total 60 months - 18 months in barrel White and rose - total 48 months - 6 months in barrel

Answer 13

PDO and PGI system as part of EU DO and DOCa/DOQ (denominación de origen) - 70 DO - Rioja and Priorat are the only DOCa/DOQ (denominación de origen calificada) VP (Vino de Pago) - small numbers of single estates with high reputations - estates may use only their grapes, vinified and matured on their estate - within PDO VT (Vino de la Tierra) - PGI wines (around 40 VTs) Vino - without geographical indication Set and controlled by Consejo Regulador - max yields - permitted varieties - vineyard practises (irrigation) - winemaking practises (ageing) - bottling requirements

Answer 14

DO must have been established for a min of 10 years All wines must be bottled at producer's property Various quality regulations - including tasting assessment by external panel

Answer 15

VP (Vino de Pago) - small numbers of single estates with high reputations - estates may use only their grapes, vinified and matured on their estate - within PDO Grandes Pagos de Espana - association of prestigious estates - only some are qualified to label as 'Vino de Pago'

Answer 16

Consejo Regulador - max yields - permitted varieties - vineyard practises (irrigation) - winemaking practises (ageing) - bottling requirements

Answer 17

Many producers with tiny landholdings - dominated by cooperatives - negociants also common - Wine estates produce small volumes Large businesses - J Garcia Carrion - Felix Solis Avantis - Perdon Ricard Groupe - Miguel Torres SA - Bodegas Martin Codas SA Low domestic consumption - 20l per capita - trend toward higher quality with DO status World's largest exporter in terms of volume - average price per litre is the lowest of large exporters (half of Italy, fifth of France) - world's largest producer of bulk wine (55% of export) Handful of super premium wines - not a large investment market Main export - France, Germany, UK, China, USA

Answer 18

55% of export World's largest bulk wine producer

Answer 19

Foods and Wines from Spain

Answer 20

World's largest exporter in terms of volume - average price per litre is the lowest of large exporters (half of Italy, fifth of France) - world's largest producer of bulk wine (55% of export) Main export - France, Germany, UK, China, USA

Answer 21

``` Rías Baixas DO Ribeiro DO Ribeira Sacra DO Valdeorras DO Monterrei DO ```

Answer 22

Strong maritime climate - high annual rainfall (1,700mm) - problem of fungal diseases and rain before harvest - significant vintage variation Soil: - sand over granite (free-draining)

Answer 23

``` Albarino (95%) Loureira Treixadura Caino Blanco Souson (black) Caino Tinto (black) ```

Answer 24

Soil: - sand over granite (free-draining) Close to the Atlantic

Answer 25

5 sub-zones Val do Salnes - coolest and wettest - high acidity O Rosal - along river Mino on border with Portugal (Vinho Verde) - often blends Albarino, Loureira and Treixadura Condado do Tea - warmer, riper style, more peach, lower acidity Ribeira do Ulla - inexpensive wines Soutomaior - smallest

Answer 26

Cooperative Bodegas Martin Codax Pazo de Senorans Palacio de Fefinanes

Answer 27

In Galicia Replanted with Palomino after Phylloxera Significant improvements in quality - quick raise of popularity

Answer 28

mostly in Rias Baixas Well suited to damp climate (thick skins - less prone to rot) Early to mid-ripening High in acidity, medium- (medium) body, medium alcohol, aroma of apple, lemon, grapefruit, peach sometimes floral Usuallly made as single varietal Sometimes blended with Loureira, Treixadura, Caino Blanco

Answer 29

occasional blending partner for Albarino early ripening, medium+ acidity, citrus, pear, floral, herbal notes

Answer 30

Pergola (parral) remains popular - trained high to promote circulations under canopy Now common VSP for mechanization

Answer 31

Generally protective - few hours of skin maceration - cool ferment in steel - may have malo in cool years - often stored on lees - few premium producers store in oak

Answer 32

sobre lias

Answer 33

``` In Galicia Maritime climate (more sheltered than Rias Biaxas) ``` High rainfall Mainly white wines - most planted - Treixadura (often oak aged)

Answer 34

In Galicia Mainly continental climate with maritime influence Vineyads on stony slopes with good drainage and reflecting heat - extremely labour intensive Mencia most planted variety (only red donimated region in Galicia)

Answer 35

In Galicia Continental climate with plenty of rainfall (700-1000mm) - vineyards in altitude 300m Quality focused production of Godello (citrus, stone fruit, herbal, wet stone, med+ acidity) - often fermented and/or aged in oak

Answer 36

Wine region in Galicia Continental climate - sheltered from ocean by Sierra de Larouca mountains - south of Ribeira Sacra - relatively low rainfall - Mencia and Godello Mostly inexpensive bulk wine

Answer 37

Continental with maritime influence in in west Made up of high altitude plateau - meseta and mountains to the north and south

Answer 38

``` Bierzo DO Toro DO Ribera del Duero DO Rueda DO Castilla y Leon VT ```

Answer 39

Recent lift of quality by Ricardo Perez and Alvaro Palacios in 1990s Continental climate with occasional maritime influence - adequate rainfall - marked vintage variation (wet x dry years) Dominated by Mencia (75%) and some Godello Min 70% of Mencia in any red wine blend - can be blended with Alicante Bouschet - only 2% of Alicante planted in Bierzo, so mostly 100% Mencia wines - sometimes carbonic

Answer 40

Early to mid-ripening Can loose acidity fast as sugar accumulates (high alcohol if picked late) Ranges from light bodied to concentrated wines with higher tannin Med to med+ body and tannins, Ripe red cherry and plum, sometimes floral or herbal note Often matured in oak Med+ to high acidity

Answer 41

flat plains - fertile silty loam soils Best vineyards on hillsides - 500-850m - good drainage - poor slate soils limiting vigour - cooling influence - high diurnal range

Answer 42

part of Castilla y Leon region - Duero River Continental climate - altitude 620-750m - large diurnal range - frost can be problem - low rainfall (irrigation not allowed from June) Viticulture - low density (max 2700 vines per ha allowed) - low number of bunces - mainly bush vines - ungrafted vines (sandy soils) ``` Red wines must be min 75% Tinta de Toro - remaining Garnacha - max 15% alcohol - Often aged in oak with proportion of new Rose (Tinta de Toro or Garnacha) White - Malvasia or Verdejo ```

Answer 43

Tinta de Toro but with thicker skins - greater colour and tannin

Answer 44

Continental climate - altitude 620-750m - large diurnal range - frost can be problem - low rainfall (irrigation not allowed from June)

Answer 45

Viticulture - low density (max 2700 vines per ha allowed) - low number of bunces - mainly bush vines - ungrafted vines (sandy soils)

Answer 46

deep colour, full body, often high alcohol with high tannins Ripe blackberry and blueberry medium+ to high acidity Often aged in oak with proportion of new

Answer 47

Teso La Monja | Numanthia

Answer 48

Vega Sicilia in late 19th century

Answer 49

First established winery - Vega Sicilia in late 19th century Aleandro Fernandez - Pesquera winery - with international acclaim Close proximity to Madrid Investment from other regions (Catalunya and Rioja) Rapid expansion of vineyad area

Answer 50

Part of Castilla y Leon on upper valley of River Duero Continental climate - low rainfall (400-600mm) - irrigation can be used before ripening period - high altitudes (700-1000m) - frost problem

Answer 51

Tinta Fino or Tinta del Pais

Answer 52

Predominantly Tempranillo - here Tinta Fino or Tinta del Pais - many bush vines (new vines trellised) Small vineyad holdings

Answer 53

Red and rose only Min 75% Tempranillo - with Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Garnacha and Albillo (white) French oak is popular - new oak is common Ageing categories (Crianza, Reserva) commonly used Full body, high alcohol, ripe flavours, blackberry, plum vanilla, chocolate tend to be good to outstanding - Vega Sicilia, Aalto, Dominio de Pingus

Answer 54

Part of Castilla y Leon Dominated by white wines - used to produce oxidative styles - Marques de Riscal - protective styles Continental climate - low rainfall - high altitudes (700-800m) - frost problem - sandy stony free draining, low nutrient soils Verdejo mainly some Sauvignon Blanc - min 85% of named variety - old bush vines Quality wine winemaking - lees ageing with regular stirring - fermented and/or matured in oak - malo generally avoided Ossian, Bodega Belondrade y Lurton Significant proportion of wineries are owned by companies based in Rioja or Ribera del Duero (as a white wine in their portfolio)

Answer 55

Relatively drought tolerant Med to med+ acidity, med alcohol, apple, pear and peach, often herbal note (fennel) and slight bitterness on finish Typically grown in Rueda

Answer 56

northern part of meseta - protected from any Atlantic influence by mountains - continental climate Large number of local and international varieties permitted PGI permits producers outside DO boundaries to produce wine with a geographical indication

Answer 57

along river Ebro - eastern side gets Mediterranean influence throught the river - tribunaries provide several aspects and soils Sierra de Cantabria to the north (protection from Atlantic) Sierra de la Demanda to the south (protection from warmer centre of Spain) ``` 3 zones (can appear on labels) Rioja Alta - continental with maritime influence - relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay - south 700m cool and wet, ferrous clay Rioja Alavesa - relatively cool and wet - up to 700m calcareous clay Rioja Oriental - Northern part - low altitude, warmest, driest - south 500-1000, cool - calcareous and ferrous clay ``` Vintage variation (various influence of mediterranean and maritime) old bush vines but also trellised vineyads drought problems

Answer 58

Rioja Alta - continental with maritime influence - relatively low altitude, warm, alluvial soils - north west cooler and wetter - calcareous clay - south 700m cool and wet, ferrous clay Rioja Alavesa - relatively cool and wet - up to 700m calcareous clay Rioja Oriental - Northern part - low altitude, warmest, driest - south 500-1000, cool - calcareous and ferrous clay

Answer 59

``` Black varieties (91%) Tempranillo (88% of black varieties) Garnacha Graciano Mazuelo Maturana Tinta Cabernet Sauvignon ``` ``` Viura Tempranillo Blanco Malvasia Garnacha Blanca Verdejo Sauvignon Blanc ```

Answer 60

reliably produces higher yields - legalization of irrigation - replanted after Garnacha Better suited to Rioja Alta and Alavesa to ripen in cool high altitude sites with clay

Answer 61

mostly Rioja Oriental | - warm, dry conditions

Answer 62

late ripening, drought resistant small yields susceptible to fungal diseases high acidity and tannin fresh black fruit flavours to Rioja blends

Answer 63

Spanish name for Carignan (also Carinena) used for its high acidity in blends

Answer 64

Spanish name for Trousseau deep purple colour, high acidity, fresh cranberry, blackberry

Answer 65

also Macabeo late budding late ripening susceptible to botrytis, best suited to dry, warm sites Relatively neutral

Answer 66

mutation of Tempranillo used in Rioja blends high acidity, lemon, grapefruit, pineapple second most planted white variety in Rioja

Answer 67

Blend of varieties Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva labelling used with min requirements for ageing - only 225l barriques can be used 2 contrasting styles: - low yields, concentrated, French oak - vinos de autor - American oak, long ageing - coconut, cured meat both still do exist but now there is a compromise somewhere in the middle: Highlighting characteristics and quality of grapes selection of harvest dates often earlier - more gentle extraction - older and/or larger oak (or concrete, amphorae) - shorter maturation - french oak now more common than american - blending parcels from different parts of Rioja Single vineyard wines can be also made

Answer 68

oldfashioned style of Rioja from very low yields of concentrated wines aged in French oak without falling into Reserva labelling

Answer 69

low yields, concentrated, French oak vinos de autor American oak, long ageing coconut, cured meat both still do exist but now there is a compromise somewhere in the middle

Answer 70

Inexpensive unoaked style Premium - tend to be oaked - sometimes oxidative (traditional) med+ body, med+ acidity, citrus, smoky, nutty aroma Traditional oxidative style producers - Castillo Ygay - Vina Tondonia Gran Reserva - dried fruits, honey, nuts, high acidity

Answer 71

New regulations approved in 2017 ``` Vino de Zona - All grapes from named zone (15% can be from outside the zone, if vineyard borders the zone and grapes have been sourced for 10 consecutive years) - vinified, aged, bottled within zone - label can indicate the zone ``` Vino de Municipio - all grapes from named municipality (15% can be from outside the municipality, if vineyard borders the municipality and grapes have been sourced for 10 consecutive years) - vinified, aged, bottled within municipality - label can indicate the municipality (and also zone) Vinedo Singular (single vineyad) - all grapes from named vineyard - Vinification, ageing, storage and bottling within same winery - producer must own vineyard for 10 consecutive years - min 35 years old - max yield must be respected - must be hand harvested and treated in sustainable way - restrictions on pruning during growing season - checks on traceability - must be authorised by tasting panel - may indicate municipality and zone as well Ageing must be done in 225l barriques Crianza / Reserva / Gran Reserva categories

Answer 72

Vinedo Singular - all grapes from named vineyard - Vinification, ageing, storage and bottling within same winery - producer must own vineyard for 10 consecutive years - min 35 years old - max yield must be respected - must be hand harvested and treated in sustainable way - restrictions on pruning during growing season - checks on traceability - must be authorised by tasting panel - may indicate municipality and zone as well

Answer 73

Consists of small vineyards (most below 1ha) - cooperatives have strong position - many producers are also merchants Sales are slowly increasing 40% export - UK, Germany, USA Crianza is popular in Spain Average price of Rioja is higher than other Spanish DOs - but still below prices of France and Italy Relatively small investment market Marketed as value for money and diverse wine Producers initiative to promote - Bodegas Familiares de Rioja (40 producers) - Rioja 'n' Roll

Answer 74

many climatic influences - Atlantic - Mediterranean - Pyrenees 5 sub-zones Baja Montaña (hilly north) - cooler, wetter (Atlantic + Pyrenees influence) Valdizarbe and Tierra Estella (east to west) - cooler, wetter (Atlantic + Pyrenees influence) ``` Ribera Alta (middle) and Ribera Baja (south) - warmer, drier, flatter ```

Answer 75

``` wide range Garnacha Tempranillo Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Chardonnay +Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Sauvignon Blanc, Viura and Malvasia ```

Answer 76

Tempranillo often single varietal Cabernet and Merlot usually blended with Tempranillo and sometimes Garnacha Light to concentrated wines (aged for one year +) - French oak for Cabernet - American for Tempranillo Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva often used Chardonnay both oaked and unoaked Significant amount of rose from Garnacha - sometimes blended with Cabernet, Tempranillo - must be made by short maceration - direct pressing NOT PERMITTED - some ferment/age in barrels

Answer 77

Moscatel de Grano Menudo

Answer 78

Domaines Lupier Bodegas J. Chivite Small vineyad holdings in general

Answer 79

Carinena DO Campo de Borja DO Calatayud DO Somontano DO

Answer 80

warm continental climate - annual rainfall 450-500mm - high diurnal range from altitude (400-900m) - cold winds (cierzo) from north - slower ripening - rocky free draining soils Mainly red - a lot of old vine Garnacha - mainly cooperatives - a lot of high volume inexpensive wines

Answer 81

region in Aragon At foot of the Pyrenees - warm continental climate - 350-650m - large diurnal range - cold breezes from Pyrenees Wide range of varieties - Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay most planted - Gewurztraminer mid priced wines, competition from other better known regions

Answer 82

``` Catalunya DO Penedes DO Priorat DOQ Montsant DO Costers del Segre DO ```

Answer 83

applies to grapes grown anywhere in Catalunya mainly for inexpensive wines allows more freedom of varieties and where grapes can be grown.

Answer 84

Various styles including Cava Warm mediterranean climate - split into 3 climatic sub-zones Penedes Maritim - between sea and coastal ranges - low altitude - warm climate without temperature extremes - full bodied red wines from late ripening varieties - grapes for Cava Penedes Central - relatively flat plains (Pre-Coastal Depression) - between coastal range and inland mountains - moderately high altitude (up to 500m) - cooling influence - Large plantings of cava grapes and Merlot, Cabernet, Tempranillo and Chardonnay Penedes Superior - inland mountains 500-800m - cooling influence - spring frost - cool conditions - Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Noir - rainfalll around 500mm - irrigation used - loam with calcareous deposit - water holding capacity - bush vines and trellising with mechanization

Answer 85

80% white - Xerel-lo, Macabeo, Parellada - Chardonnay (Moscatel, Sauvignon Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Riesling) - Merlot (Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir, Syrah)

Answer 86

- between sea and coastal ranges - low altitude - warm climate without temperature extremes - full bodied red wines from late ripening varieties - grapes for Cava

Answer 87

- relatively flat plains (Pre-Coastal Depression) - between coastal range and inland mountains - moderately high altitude (up to 500m) - cooling influence - Large plantings of cava grapes and Merlot, Cabernet, Tempranillo and Chardonnay

Answer 88

- inland mountains 500-800m - cooling influence - spring frost - cool conditions - Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Noir - rainfalll around 500mm - irrigation used - loam with calcareous deposit - water holding capacity - bush vines and trellising with mechanization

Answer 89

One of first Spanish regions to modernize - Miquel Torres - temperature control

Answer 90

wide range of varieties and styles including Cava Inexpensive fruit driven wines More expensive red wines and some Chardonnay are often matured in oak, usually French

Answer 91

30% exported - Germany, Canada, Switzerland, China, USA Domestic sales 90% sold in Catalunya - nearby Barcelona

Answer 92

Carthusian monks planting vineyads in 12th century Lack of easy access and challenging topography, extremes of weather made viticulture difficult - most vineyads very abandoned after Phylloxera 1989 Rene Barbier - formed small group of viticulturist - using French inspired techniques - blending Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah with Garnacha and Carinena - critical acclaim - wines sold for super premium prices - Clos Mogador, Clos Dofi, Clos de L'Obac, Clos Martinet, Clos Erasmus Followed by fast increase in plantings Promotion to DOQ in 2009

Answer 93

``` Clos Mogador Clos Dofi Clos de L'Obac Clos Martinet Clos Erasmus ```

Answer 94

Warm continental climate - protected from cold winds by Serra de Montsant in north and from Mediterranean by Serra de Llaberia to the south - high diurnal range - spring frost can be problem - rainfall 500-600mm typically falling in heavy storms in the winter and spring - summers are very dry - irrigation permitted in driest years and to establish new vineyard River Siurana - range of altitudes 100-750m - range of aspects - extremely rugged topography Vineyards on slopes (known as costers) - ranging between 5 and 60% gradient - narrow terraces (water run-off reduced) - erosion - everything done by hand - number of old bush vines

Answer 95

Poor and stony with outcrops of clay Slate based soils - Llicorella - thin, rocky - lacking nutrients - particles of mica reflecting light and heat back - vines can grow deep roots to search for limited water - low yields per vine (as low as 5-6 hl/ha)

Answer 96

39 hl/ha rarely achieved - low densities - old vines - low nutrients - low water sometimes as low as 5-6 hl/ha

Answer 97

Traditional Garnacha and Carinena - Carinena grown on warmest sites Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah White (only 6%) - Garnacha Blanca, Macabeo

Answer 98

very traditional (basket press, large oak) to modern (stainless, optical sorting) Cultured yeast often used (due to high potential alcohol) Typically fermented in oak (often French) - usually 1 - 2 years Quality focused winemakers usually aim for freshness and acidity High alcohol (14.5%) is balanced by concentrated ripe but not jammy fruit, medium + acidity

Answer 99

Vi de Vila - grapes from one of 12 sub-zones - name of sub-zone + Vi de Vila Vi de Paratge - grapes from single paratge (named site - lieu dit) - 459 paratges noted for their geology and microclimate - covers whole Priorat Vinya Classificada - single vineyard within Paratje (equivalent to Cru) Gran Vinya Classificada - single vineyard of exceptional merit within Paratje - equivalent to Grand Cru To qualify for any classification producer must: - own the vineyard or rent it for min 7 years - each classification has own rules about % of blend, vine age and max yield. - 'old vines' classified term min 75 years

Answer 100

To qualify for any classification producer must: - own the vineyard or rent it for min 7 years - each classification has own rules about % of blend, vine age and max yield. - 'old vines' classified term min 75 years

Answer 101

Wine region in Catalunya forms a complete ring around Priorat - flat land around river Ebro - more mediterranean influence than Priorat - temperatures are not so exptreme - few more mountainous places with cooler temp Mostly clay based sandy soils, patches of llicorella - slightly more fertile than Priorat (higher yields) Overall less extreme topography - some terraced vineyards - trellised vineyards relatively common - some bush vines Dominated by Garnacha and Carinena + Tempranillo (unlike Priorat) + Syrah, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon - more single varietal Carinena and Garnacha - usually 1-2 years of maturation in American or French oak Producers: Espectacle and Celler de Capcanes Majority produced by cooperatives Number of Priorat producers own vineyards here as land is cheaper and less expensive to work

Answer 102

wine region in Catalunya Relatively far from sea - continental climate - low average rainfall (400mm) Saline soils were improved by irrigation 200-700m, cooler sites are used for Cava - free draining, sandy soils - irrigation needed in most vineyards Wide range of international and local varieties - Macabeo, Parellada, Xerel-lo - Chardonnay, Garnacha Blanca, Sauvignon Blanc - Garnacha, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot Generally fresh and fruity style Raimat owns 1/3 of land (who helped to establish the region) Other: Castel d'Encus

Answer 103

Valencia - Valencia DO - Utiel-Requena DO - Alicante DO Murcia - Jumilla DO - Yecla DO

Answer 104

Warm mediterranean climate - cooling influences from the coast and altitude - low rainfall - 450mm (irrigation used) includes small sub-zones - Alto Turia - foothills of Sistema Iberico (700-1100m) - coolest area, exclusively white wine - Moscatel de Alejandria and Merseguera - VP El Terrerazo (Bodega Mustiguillo) - Valentino - warmer, but cooled by sea breezes - diverse range of varieties - Clariano - Moscatel - produces Moscatel de Valencia (vino de licor) mostly adequate quality, cooperatives

Answer 105

unfermented grape must that has been fortified with grape spirit

Answer 106

Wine region in Valencia Continental climate - 750m - risk of frost - rainfall around 450mm 95% red varieties - mostly Bobal (mid to late budding, very drought tolerant, tannins can be grippy, able to retain acidity ripen unevenly, vigorous and high yielding) - mostly blending to support concentration

Answer 107

Grape variety widely used in Utiel-Requena (Valencia) mid to late budding very drought tolerant tannins can be grippy able to retain acidity ripens unevenly, vigorous and high yielding - mostly blending to support concentration in inexpensive wines - often carbonic maceration Blackberry, black cherry, chocolate

Answer 108

region in Valencia Mediterranean climate - extremely dry (average 250mm) Monastrell (Vinalopo zone) Moscatel de Alejandria (Marina Alta zone) - humid breezes - sweet wines Mostly low density bush vines Red Alicante DO must be min 80% Monastrell + Alicante Bouschet, Garnacha, Bobal - full bodied, high tannins, ripe black fruit, barrel ageing (American common) Fondillón - historic wine style - medium-sweet red wine - max 40 g/l RS - late harvested Monastrell - min alcohol 16% - no fortification allowed - min 10 years of maturation in oak (usually 1200L) - can be Anada or made by solera system - tend to be oxidative (dried fruits and nuts)

Answer 109

- historic wine style in Alicante DO - medium-sweet red wine - max 40 g/l RS - late harvested Monastrell - min alcohol 16% - no fortification allowed - min 10 years of maturation in oak (usually 1200L) - can be Anada or made by solera system - tend to be oxidative (dried fruits and nuts)

Answer 110

Wine region in Muncia Flat plains, warm continental climate - 400-800m - cooling influence from altitude - diurnal range - low annual rainfall 250-300mm - sand over limestone (water retention) - many vineyards do not irrigate Mainly Monastrell (80%) - full bodied with high alcohol, blackberry, cherry, spice Other grapes: - Cencibel (tempranillo) Garnacha Tintorera (Alicante Bouchet), Garnacha, Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, Petit Verdot - often blended with Monastrell to soften tannins Mainly inexpensive wines with few premium (Casa Castillo, Bodegas El Nido) Almost whole production sold on export market

Answer 111

Flat plains, warm continental climate - some moderation from Mediterranean - 500-900m - cooling influence from altitude - diurnal range - low annual rainfall 300mm - mixture of sand and limestone Monastrel dominant Bulk and bottled. One cooperative produces 60% 95% exported

Answer 112

``` La Mancha DO Valdepeñas DO Vino de Pago (9 out of 18 in Spain) - Dominio de Valdepusa Castilla VT ```

Answer 113

Largest DO in Spain, larges PDO in Europe (158,000ha) Large relatively flat meseta at 500-700m Extreme continental climate - +45 degrees to -20 degrees - rainfall 300-400mm - limestone and chalk (retention of water) - irrigation common - low densities of bush vines 1000 per hectare - trellised, irrigated vineyards 3000 per hectare Airen - neutral wine for early consumption - for destillation Cencibel (Tempranillo) - fruity style with short contact with oak Cooperatives - majority of production - Virgen de las Vinas (largest in Spain) sold in bulk or bottled 40% exported

Answer 114

Extreme continental climate South of meseta Cencibel (tempranillo) inexpensive wines

Answer 115

large range of international and local varieties inexpensive wines

Answer 116

moderate maritime climate - rainfall as high as 1600mm - fungal diseases Mainly Hondarrabi Zuri (white) - high acidity, medium- body, low alcohol, fresh apple, pear, lemon - sometimes light spritz

Answer 117

Mountain range, does not have its own denomination - may be abelled s Vinos de Madrid DO, Mentrida DO, Cebreros DO, Castilla y Leon VT Old vine Garnacha in very light style - 600-1200m - ligher in tannins, medium+ acidity, strawberry, cherry Low intervention wines, low levels of sulphur Albillo Real - full bodied wines with citrus, floral notes, medum to medium plus acidity - fermented or/and matured in oak sometimes on skins

Answer 118

``` Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera) - Manto Negro, Callet, Monastrell, Tempranillo, Malvasia, Cabernet, Chardonnay ``` Canary Islands - tropical influence, hot humid conditions - up to 1500m - mechanization impossible - Phylloxera not present Tenerife - 5 DOs - Listan Negro, Malvasia, Listan Blanco (Palomino) - often carbonic maceration Valle de Orotava DO (Tenerife) - several vines twisted together to form long rope, trained on low wires, growing up and down the hillsides Lanzarote - dark volcanic ash - growers dug int ash and protect vines from winds and capture any moisture possible. - Malvasia, dry and sweet.

Spain Flashcards

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