sparta Flashcards

Question

roles of spartiates

Answer 1

SOCIAL * control youth * **maintain ethos & State's ideas** * Keep helots inplace FAMILY * limited * **arranged marriages** * **lived apart from wife until 30 yo** MILITARY * training/edu * discipline/obedience * **lack individualism** ECO * **not allowed to farm or trade** * **given land** POLITICAL * citizen from 30 yo * active, epxected direct participation

Answer 2

* free non-citizens from villages in surrounding area * self-governing & autonomous settlements but had to obey Spartan laws * eco purpose * financial & diplomatic obligations, paid tribute to Kings * rofferered citizenship when SPartiate pop was declining * supervised by ephors & subject to tax * used as buffer betw Spartiates & helots, loyalty to spartiates due to prosperity --> become hoplites --> social superiority to helots * excluded from votes, participating in agoge, marrying Spartiates, voice in gvt (lack political rights)

Answer 3

SOCIAL * culturally & linguistically indistinguishable from Spartiates MILITARY * soliders in army * fought as hoplites, less training than SPartans ECO * primary producers of agri & material goods (craftsmen) * foreign trade

Answer 4

* **not slaves, perioikoi or citizens** * **no rights, couldnt join ceremonies/festivals/marry/have children w/ Spartan women** * **women** belonging to their HH **couldn't be married** * **relation w/ Spartiates hostile** 1. **Partheniai: illegitimate offspring** of **Spartiate men & helot/perioikoi women** 2. **Neodamodes: helots granted freedom** for their **service** to Sparta 3. **Mothoces: sons of helots who train** with Spartan boys during the **agoge** 4. **Tresantes**: Spartans who had **citizenship revoked due to cowardice --> rejected by syssitia**

Answer 5

* Greeks * worked land for their Spartiate masters, aka domestic servants, personal attendants * some had military role & earned freedom after * mostly servile labour in HH/agri slaves * Spartiates' agri & material needs * ban on individual manumission & foreign sale

Answer 6

* plutarch says in festival they were forced to drink wine, paraded in front of the syssilia to humilitate themselves to teach youths evils of drunkenness, indoctrinating social structure

Answer 7

* compulsory group where Spartiate men 20/+ yo socialise * equality of Spartiates bc served same meal --> fellowship, unity, camaraderie * must attend daily, * monthly contributions from each member from their own estates --> farmed by helots (unfinished)

Answer 8

most sources from non-spartiates that idealised or hostile as athenians * admired by greek writers as model society, citizens placed state's needs before self-interest * herodotus, xenophon, plutarch fanciful image, brennan describes 'austerity, discipline, social unity, high moral purpose' * other greeks hostile of gvt due to allegiate to athens (rival state) * image as militaristic society perpetuated by media & lack of spartan sources * only surviving form alleman & tyrtaeus but both contrasting images of S' values & socirty

Answer 9

* free from internal disorder * utopian society, obedient to laws Lycurgus laid * laws affected all aspects of life * reject materialism & luxury * militaristic society

Answer 10

* membership of syssitia rejects equality bc donations from rich elevate in syssitia * gvt structure had dual kingship from prestigious families --> class distinctions * evidence of craftsmanship

Answer 11

aim to **indoctrinate youth** from birth into **rigid collective norm** * **dissociated** boys from HHs --**> state loyalty** * brennan: edu young boys **instilled obedience & loyalty (patriotism, comradeship)** * taught moral & social values * **xenophon: whip disobedient & create better fighting men** * serving needs of society w/ **sport, musical perf, choral singing, hunting, festivals** * **plato: edu by violence** * selected boys participate in krypteia, part of indoctrination, segregation, no individuality * taught physical & **military exercises, basic reading & writing** * **public speaking forbidden, punished by ephors** * **music (vocal & instrumental) played loud & strong w/ martial spirit (flute, harp, trumpet)** * **athletic comp eg. Gymnopaedia)** * if **didnt progress each training stage, cant claim full citizenship** * no set hours/building, encompassing * **rites of passage often religious rituals** eg. **cheese stealing** at temple/artemis orthia

Answer 12

birth * state intervened, determine if fit to live * male infants inspected by ephors at the Lesche 10 days after birth & if appear sick, exposed & left to die in slopes of mt taygetus 7-12 * 7yo under direct control of state via agoge, until 20yo * remove & weaken family ties to encourage obedience & loyalty to state * physical punishment, regular assess ^ pressure to conform * get along with others * no music, dance, athletic comps until 10yo 12-18 * became adolescent, wore himation to reflect changed status, * attend syssitia, ridiculed by elders * punished --> barefoot, exercise naked, short hair * 1 garment for lcothes, minimal rations * live w/ herds of boys at barracks, military training (motivate, collective victory battle) * endurance games, skill, taught how to steal 18-23 * leader & role model, whip&punish responsibility * 23 frontline soldier FT, 30yo full citizenship, live at home but meals in barracks, allow hair growth * 18yo become eirens, in army not front line * graduated at 20 23-30 * can marry, army not front line, eiren

Answer 13

* **inheritance, edu, land ownership, role & status** * ancient sources not comprehensive understanding bc explain S' **decline** bc **untraditional, freedoms** * **greater eco independence than athenian, still under guardianship or male relative & unable exert opinion** over **personal matters eg. marriage** * **liberated ONLY relative to athenian women,** not modern * primary importance was **produce male children** * **physical training --> likely eugenically motivated (ideal warrior, health, strength) participated in athletic comp but not agoge lived at home** * **exercise freely wore tunic w/ slit on side**, enjoy w/o consequences of not reaching standards like men * **participate dancing, singing, musical comps** * early months pregnant expect continue training * if **died giving birth, name inscribed on tombstone (role as child brearer)** * **not allowed wear jewellery, use perfumes/cosmetics** * dyeing clothes forbidden except men's red clothes, bright colorus not allowed * **hair looked boyish, closely cropped** * **lack sexual independence** * **agency over land, exercise, less spartiates cant own more land than og given**, **women tookover vacant estates as spartiates military training ^ opp & freedom to run estates** * **polygamy (plutarch) : older man w/ young wife could intro younger man he liked to wife, man liking another's wife could ask permission to sleep** * 'promiscuity' whereas **athenian 'monogamous marriage'** * **owned up to 40% spartan land (aristotle), --> great power & influence**

Answer 14

greek * marry once reach puberty, (S until late teens even past 20) * diff inheritance laws, most not own/inherit property/pass to heirs * husbands controlled dowry (transfer wealth/property) & made eco decisions sparta * daughters inherited estate when no living brothers * inherited land even when brothers alive but smaller portion * dowry remained hers throughout marriage, often land * didnt have to stay home w/ domestic duties (weaving, spinning, prepare meals) that was for Helot women * eat & drink freely, while A stay home & live quietly

Answer 15

unorthodoxy social freedom exaggerated attempt explain eventual downfall * men married 27-29, younger than greek states, women 18-20, older than G * Plutarch: in full bloom & wholly ripe * state penalties if failure to marry & produce children (Male citizens) including partial loss citizen rights --> public humiliation/sit alone at festival, loss respect * right to marry withdrawn if 'heinous crimes' cowardice, & wouldnt be able to marry off women in his HH --> lack of female marital autonomy * polygamy to father stronger, healthier offsrping, remove female autonomy * considered wealth & social position2

Answer 16

* organise according to **age divisions** in **agoge (hippeis, hoplites**) military tactics * **6 morai** (divisions) **500-900** each * **knights**, **groups of 300** men mainly **guard kings** * military tactics: depended on troops discipline in **phalanx form to break opp's line through group & shove technique**, **very successful** in warfare, **supremacy** until battle of leuctra 371BC * 5 **divisions** called moraine from the **5 tribal regions/obai of S, later ^ to 6** Basic unit of 8 men Infantry called out for a campaign depended on the ephors’ assessment of situation, mix of age groups (experiences were chosen) **Left part of phalanx most vulnerable** hed **shield left hand and spear right hand** so no weapon LHS Liable for military service if: Spartiates aged **18-60 usually only 20-50** ages called up Those who had sons to take their place were chosen for most dangerous tasks **Perioikoi selected own men for service** Scritae from the rough hill country on the northern laconia formed a special corps on the left wing (msot vulnerable) bc were adaptable to any task & used as scouts & night-time look-outs **Inferiors** served in army according to same rules as spartans **Helots originally used as shield carriers & light skirmishers** After 425 BC, **sons** of well-to-do **helots** **volunteered** for service as **hoplites** **Xenophon** said there was some spartan**cavalry**

Answer 17

strength * **hoplite phalanx strong & reliable** * discipline & training * used **perioikoi & helots** weak * **lacked cavalry to protect hoplite** * **inflexible** * **vulnerable to arche**rs * lack skill attacking **fortified/defensive position** * **shortage** men

Answer 18

* heavily armed infantrymen names after shield carried (hoplon: round, wood inside bronze outside, 7kg 1m wide) diff to hold long time * spartans believe drop shield lose honour bc fled battlefield * if wealthy, paid own armour prepared for battle as unit but poor fight as skirmishers attack when saw opps * cavalry less prominent role in war over time * spear 3m to thrust & iron sword (stab) * trained to fight in phalanc formation w/ shields overlap, part cover himself & beside man so diff for enemy to break formation * wore 1. cloth tunic covered by bronze breastplaate (cuirass) 2. bronze helmet decorated w/ crest of horsehair, diff hearing bc no ear holes 3. bronze greaves to protect lower leg)

Answer 19

parthenai, perioikoi 3. helots (slaves)

Answer 20

**male citizens** formed an **elite,** highly **trained** warrior class, **political power** * **owned kleros** (public **land allotment**) * **membership in military mess** (eat tgt), **share common meals (syssitia)** * 9-10k, declined numbers * **rigorious training, discipline expect peak physical fitness** * **strict code of honour (loyalty to state, respect for authority, obedient to laws)** * Death in battle > defeat, **lose citizenship if surrender, social exclusion for cowardice, austere lives w/o luxuries, frugal but healthy diet, minimum clothing made tougher**, * **Unable to sleep at home until 30yo** * Still difference in wealth & power but subjected to discipline, training, law, participation in gvt equally * **Grew long hair** when obtained citizenship believed look **taller, nobler, fearsome** * State **wanted men to marry & have children, unmarried subject to public ridicule** * **Obliged to devote life to the state** * Kleros: **lycurgus** persuaded citizens to Live on **equal** terms, **same amt property, no distinction of inequality betw individuals** exc * Owned most of land in Eurotas valley & Messenia, divided into allotments, each held portion (kleros) & had equal vote in assembly * **Illegal to engage in eco activities (trade, farming, industry)** * May gain allotment from state/receiving inheritance * **Eco freedom, didn’t concern themselves with earning living but welfare of state & military life** * State-owned **helots to work land (if they were away eg. war**) * Each spartiate had to make **monthly contribution to the syssition (military mess) from his kleros otherwise lost citizenship** * **Shared communal meals (syssitia) in military barracks** Gvt wanted soldiers to do it here to **establish trust** betw them, **fight & march together** if developed **strongfriendship** other soldiers, want to do best to **defend in battle & keep alive** * **Plutarch** says groups of 15, each man contributed **barley, wine, cheese, figs & sum of money for fish or meat** * Young men must apply to join mess, not equally distributed some more exclusive than others (had to gain favour from everyone) * **Failure to be accepted → social exclusion** * **Mandatory daily attendance Shared meals, political discussions, stories of great deeds** so important place for young men’s **training!** * To encourage **unity, replace family,** spartiates’ exclusive status (related to helots & inferiors) t o create powerful military state * **Drinking considered shameful helots forced drunk** sometimes ⇒ shameful if **unable to stand up & humiliated eg. made to sing songs,** slurred Small amounts fine, diluted w/ water to make weaker than wine BUT **weren’t allowed to be drunk** Subject flooding, more fertile close to water, mountainous so land not distributed equally. If did something wrong lost land, good deeds gained land Lycurgan reforms tried to make everything equal between citizens, ATTEMPTED, not entirely, less challenge for those who had more, consent to be part of their state,l less upheaval Not allowed in eco activities themselves bc wouldnt have time to do training but contribute monthly by providing stock

Answer 21

Keep helots in check, maintain hegemony Put down helot rebellions Defend boundaries of laconia & messenia Constantly ready for warfare, Defend greek ‘liberty’ forom external threats (persian wars 5th century) Maintain leadership of peloponnese & defend allies in any war w/ rival alliances as in the peloponnesian war agaisnt athens & its allies at end of 5th century Support oligarchies against democracies Maintain hegemony of greece after peloponnesian war & until battle of leuctra 371 BC

Answer 22

**Success depended on disciploine of trops in phalanx** Aim to **break opposition’s line** with**group-&-shove technique** Phalanx **push enemy off balance** so its **front** rank staggered backwards & **collapsed** Spartans **remarkably successful** in this type of warfar At **plataea 479BC** during **persian wars** remained **steady** in ranks **under** heavy barrage of persian **arrows** **Maintained their supremacy in warfare until battle of leuctra 371 BC** Developed system of training focused on what to do if phalanx confused & if necessary to wheel around mid battle **Lack of mobility disadv** of phalanx fighting but spartans masters bc of discipline Renowened for **skill & courage, discipline, tactical skills** **Not every spartan soldier lived up to the ideal** **Cowardice, refuse to follow orders,** spartan **surrender during peloponnesian war 425 BC** **Thermopylae 480 BC able to fool enemy to think retreat in progress worked so spartans able regroup** & inflict **losses on persian army** Used the manoeuvre called the ‘anastrophe’ which involved doubling the depth of the right wing of the phalanx ‘Laconian countermarch’ completely reverse position of phalanx to deal with enermy appearing in the reear Ensured that **experienced men always front in battle** Loss of spartan king early in battle left them w/o effective leadership Defeat & subsequent Theban penetration into the peloponnese when they freed the messenian helots led to collapse of spartan powe r in greece

Answer 23

Keep **helots** in check, maintain **hegemony** Put down **helot rebellions** **Defend boundaries of laconia & messenia** Constantly ready for warfare, **Defend greek ‘liberty’ forom external threats (persian wars** 5th century) **Maintain leadership of peloponnese** & **defend allies** in any war w/ rival alliances as in the peloponnesian war agaisnt athens & its allies at end of 5th century Support **oligarchies against democracies** Maintain hegemony of greece after peloponnesian war & until battle of leuctra 371 BC

Answer 24

* geographic adv, fertile plains * larger land area than most city states * natural resources (coppor, quarries, forests, poorts gave access to aegean & ionian seas) * fertile valleys of eurotas (laconia) & pamisos (messenia) to produce olives, wine, pasture land for cattle, sheep, goats, cucumbers, letters * very self sufficient for grain unlike other city states eg. athens, --> sparta eco independence

Answer 25

Transofrm **young spartan boys into disciplined, physically fit, loyal soldiers dedicated to the state above all else , maintain stability & homogeneity** **Harsh conditions, minimal clothing, food, shelter, physical endurance to build resilience** & harden bodies for **warfare** **Intil strong collective spartan identity, foster unwavering obedience to state’s laws, taught to priotise collective good of state over personal desires or familial ties** **State-sponsored system of education & training** (instilling spartan values was secondary) Physical strength & endurance: **rigorous physical exercise, combat training** Other than military: **not taught speaking (punished by ephors so dont spread other values, censorship), but chorus, dancing, singing**

Answer 26

fragmentary * ancient writes xenophon & plutarch who have simplistic idealisation * useful bc exploit land in intense agriculture but agri products organic njone survived eg. wool, leather only pottery, bronze vessels, mirrors, statuettes * archaeological evidence eg. import raw materials, export lakonian goods across greece * show spread of influence through trade & culture contat * dunno if trade for luxury goods bc likely diplomatic gifts * Nafissi said foreign merchans attracted to lakonia b new opps bc domestic market expanded Pausanias said gitiadas was architext & sculptor, amost certain citizen, built temple athena chalkioikos & its cult statue Telestas make bronze statue of zeus at olympia, no suggestion not citizens Bronze hydria telestas’ name incised on lakonian script Vix krater found in celtic princess’ grave in france for mixing water & wine reliefs of hoplites w/ armour, shields, military charioteers, horses Hydria not daily use, status to impress Xenophon & plato: spartan women didnt spin & weave, maybe wrong bc dunno if specialised craft workers who did it, dunno if they were prioikoi or slaves Xenophon: officials corrupted with gold (admired a lot) Plutarch: lycurgus discouraged trade by forbidding gold & silver coinage sub w/ iron bars heavy & useless Said greed & corruption disappeared when coinage did, (not accurate…, mirage) Figueira: secret stocks precious metals at home, coinage used when deal w/ foreigners Herodotus Kroisos of lydia sent gold to shrine of apollo at amyklai & spartans gave bronze vessel decorated Giglio shipwreck: fine lakonian pottery France lakonian bronze vessels Greece: lakonian pottery, bronze figurines & mirrors Italy & sicily: lakonian pottery

Answer 27

* late 6th century BC **luxury goods declined quality & quantity** * lycurgan social system **material austerity, no opp for status display, prohibit wealth display --> less potters, metalworkers, craftsmen** * **lost market share when other cities eg. athens more innovative** * **^ inequality**

Answer 28

* lakonian wool & leather famous likely traded extensively but didnt survive * deposits of iron but imported lead, tin, copper (other metals) * eco had surplus, traded by boat * strong domestic & foreign markets for luxury goods eg. fine painted pottery, bronze vessels, mirrors --> eco austerity & decline --> new wealth in greece later destabilised sparta more

Answer 29

* **lycurgan reforms restructured society, redistributed land among spartiate & perioikoi** * land allotments (kleroi) **farmed by state-owned helots**, state-owned plot of land given to spartaites **(unknown when given/if redistributed/inherited)** * og state-owned kleros **couldnt be sold/gifted but later law allowed to dispose/sell** * **kleroi produce formed eco**'s basis, to support spartan citizen & his family, provide for **continuing contribution to syssition, surplus so state had income to pay for armour & weapons made by perioikoi** & support helots & their families * system underpinned way of life bc freed male citizens to **devote themselves fully to military**

Answer 30

**ancient sources say equality among spartiates, controlled & distributed by state** * **plutarch** said they lived on **equal** terms, **same amount of property to support each other, only one who mentions kleros** * **aristotle** said **some small others large, land divided through inheritence, women receieved a lot** of land * prob **more unequal over time,** divide rich & poor bc **growth of privately owned estates.** * **private property is not kleros, could pass through inheritance & manage --> concentrate land & estates into fewer inds** --> social problems * spartaite numbers declined fast * records of **spartans making more contributed to their mass, others so poor couldnt meet their quota & unable contribute to mess, becoming inferiors** (members conpsired **Cinadon to overthrow gvt** who was officer from poor family tried to **stage a coup d'etat to overthrow oligarchy & give rights to poorer spartans & helots, failed, tortured & executed** C)

Answer 31

* **miners, potters**, vase painters, **stone/ivory/bone carvers, architects, traders, fishermen**, * **dunno if occuations by spartiates, perioikoi, helots, foreign slaves** * **gitiadas arhitect & sculptor built temple of athena chalkioikos & cult statue (pausanias)** * dunno who if perioikoi/spartiate made pottery drinking cup * **spartans forbidden from crafts or trade by lycurgan reforms --> must have done at one point, dunno when ceased or if some specialised work** continued

Answer 32

* cartledge argued lycurgan reforms would take long time for full effect * pasuanias said lakedaimonians (telestas & his brother) made bronze statue of zeus at olympia * bronze hydria (pitcher with 3 handles) found with name telestas in loakonian script * most greek women spun wool & wove cloth at home * xenophon & plato said spartan women didnt spin/weave but not sure

Answer 33

* monopoly on trade & manuf (merchants, craftsmen) * built most ships --> political & eco, military capability * not restricted by laws & traditions to austere lifestyle, or prohibited from gold & silver accum * monopoly on lucrative businesses & occuations, could enjoy wealth from labour * mostly **mining, manuf & commerce** (all mineral & marine resources) * **manuf metal goods eg. armour, created furniture, leather goods, patterned textiles** * **pliny & herodotus said made shoes, wood & iron objects, manuf spartan weapons** * **port of gytheum main centre for delivering imports & exports** (fishermen were periokoi, engaged in trade, secure resources eg. **copper & tin which Sparta lack**ed) * only groups **allowed to use gold & silver currency**, many got **rih**

Answer 34

* **state owned agri labourers** worked in lands to spartan masters, **paid master & state large portion of produce** * **plutarch said provided rent of 70 medimni of barley for man, 12 for wife** etc) * provided **food for spartans, allowed spartans to retain citizenship**

Answer 35

* spartan metalworking industry produced quality bronze weapons & armour * bronze to make figurines esp for religion * iron deposits, likely imported copper (syprus) & tin (west) * iron ore smelted to make stronger swords (than bronze) * ores heated in bowl furnace, molten material made into sheets to cover a wooden core, harmmered to produce decor * indirect casting where clay model used so molten material poured into mould & mass produce objects casts

Answer 36

* **bronze industry produced many weapons & armous for hoplites** * armous eg. bronze **helment, hoplon (wood, covered with bronze), cuirass, bronze tip spear & dagger, some swords of iton** * small **figureines, larger statues,** pausanias said bronze zeus statue 5.5m (telestas)

Answer 37

**metallurgy/forging & smelting iron** * **metalworkers** * **extracted ore, furnace fired by charcoal, hammered on anvil while hot so liquid impurities shed, hot, difficult, dangerous, repeated, reheated until purified** * **heated, hammered, cooled in water, heated again in fire, hammer, reshape & return to fire eg. iron sword** * **longer forging process, better stronger sword (stronger than bronze)** bronze * **lakonia lackd copper & tin so import** * **copper smelting easier** than iron smelting bc **liquid copper flows to bottom of furnace. waste rise, pour off** * statues: **apollo at amyklai, gitiadas' statue athena chalk**ioikos likely from bronze sheets pinned tgt over wood core * **brooch, statuettes** pottery * **clay from river eurotas, clean impurities in tanks, add vingar, knead to remove air bubbles & uniform consistency, wheel of wood/stone turned by hand, throw & mould clay on wheel** * **reddish clay turned black when fired**, made **glaze (plain pottery was all black, no decor**) * details through **incising lines reveal clay below**

Answer 38

* most famous was **laconian 3, black figures on yellow with purple colour**, * very **popular, exported across greece as far as sicily** * arch evidence said maybe **spartiates as kiln & family graves of owners found inside city** * small **clay figures usually at religiosu sites & clay masks for rituals found at orthia sanctuary)** * lakonian pottery traedd a lot

Answer 39

* lycurgus itnro iron bars as coinage to discourage greed, plutarch said discouraged trade among themselves, hoarding money, excessive wealth displays & imports * perioikoi could use silver & gold coins but sparta restricted to iron bars to make transactions betw themselves, couldnt be used anywhere else in greece with no real market value * rendered useless by being heated and doused in vinegar so brittle * many say banning gold & silver coinage lie, maybe used some Hellenic currency to pay outside sparta, osme had secret stocks gold & silver i home, syssition expected to contribute money monthly to buy meat, fines paid in coins

Answer 40

* mostly betw perioikoi through port at gytheum 46km from sparta on laconian coast * waters produced shellfish used in purple dye * central point spartans traded main exports (wool, wine, oil, pottery, bronzes)

Answer 41

**thoughtprayers & offerings helped in battle. Military state** **Religion > military** Approahced w/ **more diligence, obedience & seriousness than military service** City states differed religious practice but many common **gods, sacrifices, rituals** 490BC athens faced persia at battle of marathon Sought assistance from sparta asked join to defend greece from king darius’ forces Herodotus said willing to help but **unable to send promptly bc wouldve broken law, until moon was full** bc **superstituous** **Later sent 2000 troops to athens but battle of marathon alrealdy won** H also said 480BC when greeks faced again w/ persian forces under King Xerxes, spartan king leonidas went to thermopylae only force of 300, **until Karneia (festival) prevented Spartans to leave garrison with troops** Thought **if didnt do things correctly, gods wouldnt help them** Religion was **public** matter **Constitution** was a **religious document (an oracle from the god Apollo at his shrine in Delphi) → important person faced w/ dilemma/decision consult oracles at delphi where priestesses could speak to gods & give answer** & ambiguous, and then person **interprets way they want** **Kings had roles as priests only ones allowed to perform** **Meetings of spartan assembly opened w/ animal sacrifice** mantes(**prophets) performed rites of divination to find will of gods** **(divine message eg. reading animal entrails)** **Oracles obtained when significant poliical & military decisions made** **Priests carried out sacrifices & cared for sanctuaries (chief role)** Individuals could also make **offerings at home & conduct devotions at shrines** Divination important practice, **interpret will of gods through oracles** (eg. Delphic Oracle)< **dreams & behaviour of animals (eg. birds**) Sancruaty of apollo (god of prophecy) important where the Pythia (the priestess of apollo) interpreted will of god (NEED TO KNOW THIS) supposedly believed Spartans consulted pythia at temple of apollo fairly regularly **Spartans whose duty was to consult at Delphi were pithioi.** **Ephors observed hte heavens every 9 years on a clear night to determine whether/not king should be deposed**. **Sacrifices for worship to seek divine favour, thank or placata (calm) gods** Xenophon wrote abt king while leading army, intepreted earthquaje as sign of encouragement from poseidon. Experience prompted him to offer a sacrifice of thanks to the god **prosperity & blessing** **After offerings made to god, rest food cooked & eaten by worhippers Hymns, prayers used** Little remains but Alcman! Has hymn used as pryer **Libations occurred when wine, oil, honey poured into ground as offering to god Before banquets** **Funerals, libations may have been made to suggest drink poured into ground to benefit those who dwelled in underworld** **Festivals for worship, visiting temples & sancruaties, providing votive offerings** **reciprocal relationship w/ spartan values** transactional Do things for gods (offer libations, make sacrifices) & they’ll look after you (provide **fertility, success in battle) → fail gods & be punished** Tied up in nation building & spartan identity **Established ppl’s identity & ideal society**. Achieved through preference for certain gods & promotion of specific myths peculiar to sparta Provided **social cohesion by providing sense of belonging. Several spartan religious festivals involved entire community** Offered rare cance for **recreation & enjoy food** Arguably, some aspects of spartan religion allowed social release from strict societal rules Battle of **Marathon (490 BCE)** **Athenians requested Spartan aid against Persians**, refused to march immediately because celebrating **Carneia**, a religious **festival dedicated to Apollo**.--> **delayed sending reinforcements until full moon**, **prioritizing religion over military alliance.** potentially **risked Greek unity and military success**, yet Spartans **adhered to religious law**, showing that **divine favour and ritual purity**considered **prerequisites for war.** 2. Battle of **Thermopylae (480 BCE)** engaged in the **Carneia** festival when **Xerxes’ Persian** army advanced. **Only King Leonidas and 300 Spartans, accompanied by a few thousand allies, were dispatched initially**.**main army** **delayed until religious obligations concluded**.**did not violate religious custom**, revealing that **maintaining piety** essential to **securing divine support in war.** ## Footnote **inseparable from their political, social, and military systems**. **state was a theocracy** where **laws and customs believed given by gods** through figures like **Lycurgus,** all actions maintaining divine favour. **legitimized Spartan social order, including dual kingship, which claimed descent from Heracles,** reinforcing the **divine origin of authority.** believed **military success depended on piety; omens, sacrifices, and festivals** ensured the **gods’ support in war** so **sacred that military campaigns were postponed** created stability, unity, and divine sanction tool of **social cohesion** and moral discipline, shaping Spartan identity and maintaining the **belief that to disobey the gods was more dangerous than any military threat.**

Answer 42

* Some greek gods not worshipped in sparta (or as great extent) than other greek city states due to **focus discipline & self-control eg. dionysus god of wine making & assoc w/ drunken celebrations not figure of worship** * had**pantheon of 12 olympian gods, but gods had to adapt to the military ethos of sparta** **Zeus** was divine founder & **athena** (Daughter) was **militar**y significant * However, **artemis orthia, pposeidon, apollo most important** in sparta * **Artemis orthia combo of artemis & older minor God Orthia**. worship what valued most: **childbirth, fertility, hunting (have enough men to keep helots checked bc troops need to be able to srvive** themselves **Cult centre at temple of artemis orthia thousands of votive offerings found** **Goddess of hunt, wild animals & vegetation** whoSe **sanctuary** was **outside city** on banks of **eurotas river.** Asserted **dominance over natural world by seizing/strangling animals** cult primarily associated with growth & fertility, goddess of childbirth **young boys attempt steal cheeses placed on altar at temple of artemis orthia while young boys whipped**. If **cried/flinched** **disgraced** by those watching **ritual part of a festival held when young men separated from community & lived in wild, feeding themselves by hunting** Probably **joyful songs & dances** & closing parade of youths dressed in fine clothes Boys shedding of blood on altar was final part of their initiation **Small statuettes of animals & goddess, strong artistic influence** from east, grotesque masks made of terracotta **Poseidon god of sea &** (???), worshipped bc **earthquakes common** Believed herakles entered underworld & captured 3 headed guardian dog cerberus Thucydides said spartans believed great earthquake of 465 BC due to god’s punishment for their seizure of helots who sought refuge at altar of poseidon. **Apollo god of light, music, order worshipped at 3 major festivals, statue at temple of apollo** according to pausanias Shrine for apollo hyakinthia near amyklai Apollo of amyclae colossal statue built at amyclae to apollo described y pausanias with spear in hand Most gods & goddesses at sparta armed **Apollo god of music, archery, prophecy, medicine connected to oracle at delphi where lycurgus received great rhetra** Zeus worshipped in 2 forms in sparta (zeus uranus (king of skyz0 & zeus lacodaemonius (aka spartans, patron of lakedameon) **Kings of sparta were chief priests of these 2 forms of zeus** **Athena in form of athena chalkioikos of bronze house**. Major goddess in athens (ess in sparta) but **military goddess.** **Worshipped at temple of athena of bronze house** ## Footnote Artemis: **religion reinforced social structure and edu system**, ensuring **discipline for future warriors** P: worship reflects concern with **natural phenomena** and **divine control over their land**, including the **earthquakes** that plagued **Laconia** Apollo: **festivals and oracles** influenced **military decision-making**, demonstrating dominance **piety over pragmatism.**

Answer 43

(lycurgus & dioscuri) **Lycurgus more important as idea than real figure. Changes in spartan society projected onto, giving them legitimacy** **Lawmaker** who gave sparta its **political & social institutions (allegedly) definiting** what it meant to be spartan, **bringing the great rhetra**. **H said the oracle of apollo at delphi recognised lycurgus’ divinity & when died, temple built in his honour.** **Plutarch said he was venerated for his wisdom & virtue** awarded highest honours on his death & offered sacrifices every year. **Ancients described real person** but modern historians question **Oracle at delphi gave lycurgus legitimacy through great rhetra.** Dioscuri **CASTOR & POLYDEUCES were dioscuri (YOUTHS OF ZEUS) MYTHICAL TWIN SPARTAN HEROES** **Thousands of VOTIVE offerings esp at AMYCLAE** Associated w/ **young men & pursuits of horsemanship, athletics & warfare In olympics, castor** esp associated w/ **FOOTRACE & polydeuces w/ BOXERS** **Protected those that fell into peril in battle** Special in sparta bc **associated w/ 2 KINGs, each king PROTECTed by a twin** Connection betw dioscuri & athletic pursuits & **AGOGE training** Not just spartan legend **Diff versions** of castor & polydeuces’ **birth** Diff versions of their **divinity**, some suggest both **half human & half divine or shared divinity & immortality on alternate days**

Answer 44

hyakinthia, gymnopaedia, karneia

Answer 45

In myth, hyakinthus **son of Amyclus spartan king beloved by apollo** & zephyr but preferred apollo **Zephyr god of west wind blew apollo’s discus** at **hyakinthus head** & died, whose blood became flowers that bear his name **3 day** festival mourned his death, **celebrated early summer at amyclae** **Choirs of boys, lyres & flutes sang praises of the god** **Processions, dances, chariot races, sacrifices made, feasting**. Spartiates entertained helots at 1 point Athenaeus wrote 2nd century AD gave account around mourning festi val & praise of apollo with **2 stages** 1. **Rites of sorrow** & mourning in honour of hyaknthos **Banned wearing wreaths & joyful songs Rhythmic wailing & chanting** undertaken **special funeral meal then day of grief???** 2. **Rejoicing in honour of apollo,** **wearing wreaths, sing joyful songs, sacrifice** to apollo, **festive meal, procession from 4 spartan villages to amyclae, choral song & dance**, involved offering to apollo of tunic woven for his statue made by spartan women Historian hooker interpreted as festival for dead while also thanksgiving for life or cult related to world **renewal tied to natural cycle of seasons** Emphasised communal actions (sacrifice, procession, singing, dancing, social cohesion & unity. Celebrated youth & beauty & endorsed intense male-male relations

Answer 46

* **5 day** festival of **dancing & gymnastics (1 day for each oba), linked to training regime** * **All spartiates participated july** * honour of slain at ancient battle of **Thyrea (300 spartan against 300 men of Argos fought to almost last man for territory** of Thyrea Battle of champions, **troops of ymen singing heroic deeds** * **Young boys participated in morning before too hot, men in afternoon, old men evening** * **Group leaders wore elaborate headdresses from palm leaves/feathers** * Grand parade at end * Anapale boys dance with music with wrestling moves graciously, * **hyporchema religious dance performed to honour Apollo, girls allowed to perform, dance around blazing fire on altar**, embaterion quick step **march boys** did with **flutes** **Plutarch said if spartan male refused marry, denied chance to participate**, mitchell ‘**sweeten austerity of spartan life’**

Answer 47

Celebrated in **august/sept** from **apollo** **karneios**, manifestation of a **ram god** & apollo who was **killed by a spartan** and after, **apollo sought vengeance & exiled him**. Festival marked **harvest of grape** Unearthed **coins depicting apollo karneios as a horned god** Festival lasted **9 days** **Musical festival celebrating heroic** deeds **Athletic contests, games** part of karneia & organised on military lines, **close associated to agoge** **Sacrificed ram ‘karnos’, fattened it to sacrifice to apollo cooked it and gave to populace** Feat held under tent like shelters

Answer 48

* **Constitution** was **religious doc (oracle from god apollo at his shrine at delphi)** * **Religious, political, cultural matters intertwined** * **assembly meetings opened w/ animal sacrifice before army went into battle**, * **prophets performed rites of divination to find out will of gods,** **decisions made** after * Religious duties of citizens & family members included **performing animal sacrifice, singing religious odes, participating in religious festivals** * Ancient greeks Thought death brought evil spirits & bad omens but spartans different * **Lyrcurgus sought to get rid of superstituion regarding death according to plutarch by allowing burials to occur within city bounds** (**readily honour dead at graves)** * Only allowed **man’s red cloak (part of battle dress)** & olive leaves **buried w/ body** * **Name not allowed** to be **inscribed on grave → spartan ideal of state more important than individual** **Unless man who died in battle or woman died in childbirth** * Grieving for dead limited, **lycurgus allowed 10 days period grieving** then mourners must sacrifice to demeter * **Graves marked by amphorae,** one depicting hunting & battle scenes * **Death celebrated when men died fighting for sparta** Herodotus on **king’s funerary rites (the only public funerals)** * King’s death announced, made statue of him * **No assembly for 10 days after burial bc mourning period** Women beat cauldrons **Mandatory for 1 man and 1 woman from each HH to wear mourning clothes** Crowds of **thousands even non spartans (perioikoi, helots) gather** to strike heads & wail * Funerary ractices brought ppl closer to their gods, strengthened state system * Archaeological evidence showed spartans **buried with weapons & pottery**, **contradicts plutarch & not like lycurgus** said Had **male pithos burial with iron weapons, sword, dagger**, **Burials with bones of boars, horses sacrificed at burials, oxen & boars would be eaten as funera**l

Answer 49

amyklaion, menelaion, the sanctuary of artemis orthia

Answer 50

Aristophanes & Pausanias referred to this P described bronze decors of temple gave its name Spartan architect gitiadas designed temple & cult statue of the goddess Only footprint of building survives Some tile fragments bear name athena chalkioikos survived & small bronze statue of athena

Answer 51

5th century BC temple Site deposits eg. **terracotta & bronze figurines & pottery** found **Shrine of helen & menelaus** Rebuilt ancient shrine of blue & white limestone Parapet of building consolidated by a terrace used to display large dedications Earlier building tiled with terracotta **H said ugly spartan girl transformed into beauty after visiting to therapne** Pausanias claimed tomb of menelaus here

Answer 52

Shrine to apollo **Pausanias says shrine to apollo & tomb of hyakinthos** as throne for cult statue of apollo (bronze, just pole with head, arms, feet, crudely made representation). Said other free standing **statues such as Tritons (half man & fish). Said base of apollo statue shaped like an altar & believed where hyakinthos buried** Bronze door where debotees enter, make sacrifices to apollo & offerings to hero hyakinthos Fragments from temple eg. **section of lotus & pieces of a column suggest oriental decor similar as fusion of ionian & doric styles**, coins found showing likeness of statue

Answer 53

Near river eurotas Stone structures found 1st temple small 2nd larger 1st temple covered w. Coloured tiles made from wood & stone Raised dais inside where image of goddess placed 2nd temple had solid foundations & designed to be protected against flooding Believed had doric columns & roof with stone lion **Thousands of votive offerings** found (**clay vessels, terracottas, lead & ivory figurines**, legendary monsters eg. **sphinx, centaur),** reproductions of jewellery, **wingedimages of the goddess, human figures, animals, dancers,** represented may been given to god by women as thanks for successful birth **Votive offerings mass produced from moulds, poor quality ones represent offerings of poorest**

Answer 54

Realm of olympian gods Realm of human existence world of animals, plants, material Godes & esses lived in cloud above mortals Dionysus provide grape, apollo gifted music, poseidon sea Oversaw human affairs could bless/punish Ppl, cities, empires subject to divinely ordained fate Realm of underworld/hades Inhabited by dead, ancestral heroes, spirits Fortunate dead had happy place where ate, drank, continuing existence not in realm of living Spirits of those committed crime or not given proper burial rites/commemoration could haunt the living Spirits had to be appeased bt religious rites to stop harming living Heroes & ancestral spirits believed capable of aiding living who honoured them w/ correct ritual, & religiously kept memory of deceased

Answer 55

Fitzhardinge & Paul Cartledge: their perspectives very important Despite spartan mirage fuelled by simplistic accounts of plutarch, sparta had a vibrant cultural life Pottery, produced, traded, resources eg. ivory from egypt gold from lydia imported Lakonian pottery, bronzes, carvings evidence for cultural continuity & development Spartan poetry & music renowned in greece Choral singing art form Music part of military & social life Cultural stagnation & decline occurred Decline After 2nd messenian war, altered society to ensure supremacy of spartiates over larger helot population Lycurgus handed down the great rhetra which transformed sparta into legend military society Thus no need or desire for artistic/architectural distractions Life about military training & maintaining control of helots Decline in austerity where art forms no longer flourished Still evidence (argued by fitzhardinge) Artist demise maybe more eco than political Trade declined & greek states less incentive to trade with them Craftsmen didnt cease labours but focussed on things of greater need in sparta Not sudden sharp decline but long drawn out process Decline of production of carvings & pottery maybe bc other greek city states started using coinage and sparta didnt, or more helots & perioikoi & less spartiates, still blurry why spartans began devoting more attention to state’s military efficiency than artistic pursuits Zoupantis notes on Paul Cartledge Distorted image of Sparta Not enough written documents from sparta period (primary) so rely archaeological evidence and writers from later period, dependent on non spartan written sources Every aspect of their lifes was punctuated by religious ritual Most writings we have of ancietn sparta come from peope who werent part of the society focused on military nature

Answer 56

* social values * **young learned songs didactic abt gods, heroes, military, social, political values** * **good music = good person bad music = corrupt if listened constantly** * constantly hear **dorian mode 'd' to 'd' with no sharps/flats, listener** become noble, **brave, manly but Lydian mode**associate with **decadence,** turn young man **soft, effeminate** * socialising influence bc **blended voices, singers coop & fit with others** * related to **hoplite drill psych prepare for battle** eg. gymnastic exercise **discus, javelin build up to throw**

Answer 57

Painted vases (pottery) Amphorae used for wine skinny vase with 2 handles to store on ships, hydriai store water jug to get from well bc no running water taps, lebetes, exports! Focused on design, cultural & technical achievement Lakonian painted pottery can trace cultural life Lakonian I Geometric design Traditions from peloponnese Lines different thickness, squares, dots in many combos animal/humans sometimes Lakonian II Friezes & animals (birds), patterned fish & dolphins Lakonian III narrative/scene from life/mythology Often in drinking vessel Record banquets, riding, hunting, fighting Most popular shape was drinking cup Lakonian vases found indicated production for eport & domestic use. Most painted vessels found outside sparta Amphorae Maybe done by poor spartiates Ordinary everyday painted black Bone & ivory carving (status in beauty) 200 ivory carvings at artemis orthia suggests group craftsmen working in sparta of at least 3 generations Immigrant craftsmen probably brought skill of carving in bone & ivory to sparta, strong artistic influence Popular were small statuettes of crouching animals , ivory brooches, mirrors were for rich people, polished bits of metal expensive & wealth Bronzework Small figures of female goddesses Vix Krater@@ found in northern France shows trade, spartan soldiers in armour, naked/running athletes, brooches Huge statue of apollo at amyklae present/diplomatic gift for king aaristocratic elites Hydria not intended for daily use but status to impress, winged goddess orthia, helmeted hoplite soldier full armour, krater was for mixing water and wine, was a vessel for display than practical use, 200kg, capacity 1200L, Stone sculpture In stone & marble mostly linked to religion but little remains for stone bc sparta used as a quarry Many reliefs in limestone & marble Architecture only tombs and temples (which were most) most dedication to religious structures, importance, houses only exist in fragments, , thucydides said wont know anything abt sparta from architecture/buildings

Answer 58

Spartan men literate like the women but literary arts not fostered. 1. Tyrtaeus * not certain if born in S Development of spartan army and use of phalanx in fighting. Required teamwork, coop, **each man know what expected of him to be successful** **Rely on comrades, trust Values & practice of hoplite warfare.** Poems promote courage, coop Rejected previously glamorous view of aristocratic warrior, not celebrating those blessed with physique & outstanding skills (speed, wrestling), only cared abt **men standing side by side as comrades and giving everything he has** **Not glamourise warfare, as necessity not glory. Cruel, bloody, painful**, not divine intervention but courage & reliance on one’s comrades His **eunomia** shows conservative perception, **strong support monarchy & the elders but accepts ultimate power rests with the people.** **Poet of barrack sparta** 2. Alcman Contrasts **Care free approach to life**, loved beauty, intellectual interests Lighter approach to life prob before tyrtaeus Written for **public performance.** Wrote drinking songs, **hymns for male choirs** Known for** ‘Maiden Songs’ chorus to be sung & danced by young girls at festivals**. Often **tried to end story with moral message** Enjoyed **describing the world & nature in poems eg. flowers, birds, mountains** **Delights of food, wine, passionate love**. **Few specific references to spartan way of life & style of gvt** Poet of **swinging sparta**

Answer 59

**Spartan men literate like women** but literary arts not fostered. 1. **Tyrtaeus** * **not certain if born in S** Development of **spartan army** and use of **phalanx** in fighting. Required **teamwork, coop, each man know what expected of him to be successful** **Rely on comrades, trust** **Values & practice of hoplite warfare. Poems promote courage, coop** Rejected previously glamorous view of aristocratic warrior, **not celebrating those blessed with physique & outstanding skills **(speed, wrestling), **only cared abt men standing side by side as comrades and giving everything** he has **Not glamourise warfare, as necessity** not glory. **Cruel, bloody, painful, not divine intervention but courage & reliance on one’s comrades** His **eunomia** shows conservative perception, strong **support monarchy** & the **elders but accepts ultimate power rests with the people. Poet of barrack sparta** 2. **Alcman** Contrasts **Care free approach to life, loved beauty,** intellectual interests **Lighter approach to life prob before tyrtaeus** Written for **public performance.** Wrote drinking **songs, hymns for male choirs** Known for **‘Maiden Songs’ chorus** to be **sung & danced by young girls at festivals** Often tried to **end story with moral message** Enjoyed **describing the world & nature in poems eg. flowers, birds, mountains** **Delights of food, wine, passionate love. Few specific references to spartan way of life & style of gvt** Poet of **swinging sparta**

Answer 60

Frugal, plain, unappetising lycurgus : copious quantities food made ppl fat & listless Produce tall healthy youths, young women produce lean children Black broth made of pork, vinegar, blood. Barley staple grain & made into a porridge & type of bread (wheat bread was treat) Fruits, figs in messes Olives & olive oil common & cheese from goat’s milk consumed Honey Meat rare but ate pork, poultry, fish. Hunting provided game meat (wild boar, hare, venison)

Answer 61

**Distinguished free citizens & enslaved helots, citizens being trained & disgraced( broke society’s rules)** * **Thucydides said modest** style adopted so wealthier men lifestyle similar as possible to masses * **Aristotle said wealthy** at sparta **wore clothes like poor** * Ordinary daily item of clothing for males was **cheap & coarse cloak (tribon) symbol spartan simplicity & austerity** * ‘Levels’ of dress as a common form was sign of acceptance of lycurgan system like a uniform (david) masks socio-eco differences of wealth & power & joining social group tgt around common consciousness. * Msot **famous worn by male citizens was phoinikis, red military cloak** marked **spartiate** soldier * Made of fine **lakonian wool, dyed with purple red of mollusc, worn to war** * spartiate died, covered body at burial Colour & shape different from female attire Red concealed spartiate blood from enemy * Other male clothes **strictly regulated in agoge & denoted age groups** Boys wore **chiton, all over body** garment from cloth **wrapped around body, pinned at shoulders & tied at wasit.** **Young** boy wore **short** chiton & **old** man **long** one Could be **high at waist for running/exercise** When **12**, adolescent wore **himation** (all over body garment) look like **large shawl** **Clothing (& hair & beard) regulated by state** Man’s hair/beard & clothes signified **inclusion/exclusion in society** Boys hair **cut short when entered agoge** Spartan **solder grew hair long**, hair grooming rituals before battle, long hair to **increase height & fears**ome as warriors Beards sign of amle maturity, **moustaches banned!.** Expressing **conformity**, all soldiers had to look similar and lose individuality

Answer 62

* **distinctclothing as ritual humiliation** * Broke rules **social exclusion signalled non verbally** with humiliating clothes * All men had to **marry by certain age to produce children otherwise publicly humiliated** annually * Old bachelors literally **stripped of spartan status when ephors in winter forced them to parade naked in circle in agora singing song as punishment bc disobey laws** * **Cowards** who fled in battle were **tresentes** (tremblers) **not allowed to war red cloak (spartiate uniform), forced to wear cloak with distinctive coloured patches marking them as outcasts** * Forced **shave half eard & keep other growing**, branded as coward & **half man**

Answer 63

Wore distinctive clothes to humiliate, degrade, dehumanise by suggesting they were animals Signal exclusion from citizens & humiliation of slave status Each had to weare a dogskin cap & dress in animal skins ‘bestial uniform’

Answer 64

* Everyday **tunic could be chiton but formal garment worn was the Doric peplos** * Basic garment of **woven wool, quite heavy, always longer than wearer’s height** * **Fabric wrapped around** woman & **folded, fastened at shoulders by pins/brooches & excess material fell like a cape, revealed thigh on the right**

Answer 65

Bronze pins & brooches of bronze/ivory worn by spartan women to pin peplos Some highly decorated, wealth & status Ivory combs dedicated at religious shrines carved with scenes from mythology worn in hair on special occassions Hundreds of bronze mirrors, wealthy families conscious of appearance & dressed carefully

Answer 66

* favoured leisure activity, spartans 1st to do **naked** * **running, discus, javelin, wrestle, invented boxing** * out of **81 olympic winners athletes 46 are spartans, training rigorous, athletes famous for RUNNING 'stadion race' of 36, 21 champions**. * **gitls** too, known for **running & jummping at spartan & pan-hellenic contests** * **prize** was **olive crown**, **portion of meat offered in sacrifice**

Answer 67

* if no horse, **chase after hares/deer on foot & catch with dogs & helots with nets' help** * even if used **horse, only for hunting sport** and actually **did closer on foot using javelin & spear** * **boar** hunting super dangerous, marked **social distinction killing 1st boar rite of passage to manhood**, **confirmed his andreia (manliness)** * **courage, agility, improved eyesight & hearing, train for war in wild** * **stealth youngboys** **encouraged steal food, into hunter stalk animal prey, also helots**

Answer 68

* when **women did gymnastics naked**, men **judged bride potential (physical attractive & fitness for child bearing) also social class & wealth** important * males 20s, brides teens * **betrothal process, mothers maybe role in matchmaking** * **lycurgus prohibited dowries, but woman provided with dowry bydad, likely land & animals to help get husband** * **ABDUCTED bride** begin, sexual union, girl **lost virginity w/o ceremony, stealth in seizing bride & virtually hold captive**. * prove **virility by seizing woman own as prize**. carried off by **force ritualised** * **shaved her hair, wore himation (man's cloak) & sandals, laid on mattress in dark to wait for husband** * **eugenics, improving offspring through selective breedi**ng * **wives loaned**to other men for reproduction. old man loan young wife to healthy young man t produce fine child, man ask another for consent to use wife bear children if she **produced already, not adultery. increase male citizens for state**. * man **ridiculed, socially excluded**

Answer 69

* sparta's **religious, political, cultural intertwined** * **votive offerings =personal involved in religious rites** * **burial practices reflect lycurgan social values** * **religion** contributed to **identity & unity** **ZEUS** * sky, clouds, thunder, **most important** one * **fathered castor & polydeuces who were venerated as semi divin**e * **olympic games** held at olympia every 4 yrs to honour him * **bronze statue** next to temple of athena chalk apollo * at amyklae * light, sun, harmony, order, reason * responsible for music & poetry * pan-hellenic shrine of apollo at delphi delivered oracles provided divine guidance, receieved approval for constitution from apollo at delphi in the form of an oracle artemis * wild animals, birth goddess, sorhipped as artmis orthia, cult joined to local goddess orthia poseidon * sea, earthqyakes * **pausanias sanctuary of 'horse-breeding' posidon** **votive offerings:** object offered/dedicated at sacred place connected w/ **wish/promise to god, ask blessin in return** **sacrifice: kill living things to please** them, animal sacrifice most important divine worship at S, **bargain w/ gods so prosper & bless, best animals so not destry herds, rest of food cooked & eaten by worshippers, redistributed within communities** **libation: ritual where wine, oil, honey poured into ground** as offering at **banquets, before drinking wine themselves, funerals, tombs divination & oracles: predict future events supernaturally, warning through oracles, kings** responsible get & keep oracles from **apollo at delphi**. own **mantis** who accompanied him on **military campaigns, interpret omens/supernatural signs**.

Answer 70

**Thucydides**: * **If only temples & building foundations left, we wouldnt believe powerful state** * **Lead up to battle, spartans advanced to sound of flutes** **Plutarch** * Into **battle with martial music, terrifying to march calm & cheerful to music when walking into danger of death** **Dawkins: 2nd orthia temple had doric columns**, gabled (triangle) roof, painted stone lion **Pausanias** * **Amyklaion** was **shrine to apollo & tomb of hyakinthos** Used as **throne for cult statue of apollo (bronze), pole with head, arms, feet** * **Tritons (Half man half fish)**, * **Shaped like altar**, believed where **hyakinthos buried** * Left **bronze door to make sacrifices to apollo & offerings to hyakin**

Answer 71

**Pausanias** * athletic : **girls ran with hair down, chiton above knees exposed right** side from shoulder to **breast.** * Said **shrine dedicated to horsebreeding poseidon** * **Stele : 43 4hourse chariot races & 21horse race victories won by damonon man and son, equestrian contests at festivals held in diff places in lakonia & messenia** * Herodotus: spartans very successful at olympic games * **Women rode chariots around sparta in hyakinthia, could breed & train for pan-hellenic competition** eg. **pausanias said kyniska daughter of king breed, trained (not charioteer) horses at chariot races, monument raised in her honour** * **Plutarch: lycurgus thought like breeding dogs & horses for best, best humans benefit society**. **Every 9 yrs on moonless night, ephors saw shooting start then interpreted kings committed religious offence, omens used to suspend king until advice from delphi through oracle** * **Thucydides: earthquake of 465BC** **poseidon’s punishment** for **killing helots who sought refuge at his altar** **Xenophon** :**earth trmoes signs of warning/divine encouragement eg. king advanced battle**

Answer 72

**Pausanias: karneia said legend Karnos (ram) was mantis (prophet) foretell future, killed by 1 of heracles’ son → apollo** rained down a pestilence on dorians, **killer went into exile to save dorians from more punishment**. **Karnos** became **manifaestation of apollo, cult to make up for crime against god**. **Whipping ritual at artemis orthia festival subs for human sacrifice**

Answer 73

* **H: oracle of apollo at delphi recognised lycurgus’ divinity, after death, built temple in his honour** * **Plutarch: lycurgus esteemed for wisdom** & virtue, after death **temple annual sacrifices offered as if god** * **Pausanias: alaer of lycurgus, dioscuri started races**

Answer 74

Burials **Plutarch: kings treated as heroes Herdotus explained burial rites Pausanias**: a lot of **cenotaphs, grave memorials w/o body**

sparta Flashcards

(99 cards)