1
Q
Acre
A
43,560 SF
- Standard unit of lot size
- One parcel contains 40 acres
- One section (1 sq mile) contains 640 acres
2
Q
4 Climatic Regions (USA and Canada)
A
- Cool
- Temperate
- Hot/Humid
- Hot/Arid
3
Q
Ground Coupling
A
Hot air is pulled into underground tubes where it’s naturally cooled by the Earth and then radiated into the building
4
Q
Concave Slope
A
Contour lines are more closely spaced near the top of the slope
5
Q
Solar Orientation - 3 Influences
A
- Building orientation to control solar heat gain or heat loss
- Location of outdoor spaces and activities
- Location of building entries
6
Q
Parking Sizes
A
Standard: 9’x19’ Compact: 7’6”x15’, but often 8’x15’
7
Q
Convex Slope
A
Contour lines are more closely spaced near the bottom of the slope
8
Q
Albedo
A
Portion of radiant energy that is reflected as it falls on a surface
9
Q
Hot/Arid Climates - Design Strategies
A
- Use compact forms with minimal surface area
- Minimize opening sizes
- Provide shade for openings
- Maximize thermal mass
- Use light colors for the building exterior
10
Q
Solar Orientation’s Influence on Outdoor Spaces by Climate Type
A
Hot/Humid: Locate outdoor spaces in the shade
Temperate: Locate outdoor spaces in the sun
Cold: Locate outdoor spaces and building entries in the sun
11
Q
Natural Ventilation Strategies
A
- Take advantage of prevailing winds
- Building form should be narrow or spread out for breezes to filter through
- Use courtyards
12
Q
Circulation Types
A
- Automobile
- Pedestrian
- Service
13
Q
Exterior Stair Guidelines
A
- Max rise 6”, min rise 4”
- Tread 14” deep for 6” rise
- Slope 1/4” per ft downward
- Handrail required on at least one side for stairs of 4 risers or more
- Handrail to be 34”-38” tall
- Min 3 risers, max 10 risers between landings
14
Q
Day sun is highest (Northern Hemisphere)
A
June 21
15
Q
Building Sewer
A
Portion of horizontal piping between the building and main line
- Actual connection between building and main must occur above the invert
- Minimum slope is 0.5% to 2.0% depending on piping size
- Sometimes longer run is needed in order to connect to lower invert to allow for proper slope
16
Q
Pedestrian Circulation Design Guidelines
A
- Collector walks needed by parking areas
- Min slope of 1/4” per ft perpendicular to direction of travel
- 5’ min width for typ walks
- 6’-8’ min width for main walks
- 6’ min width for walks where cars can overhang
- Provide required lighting, seating, and trash containers
17
Q
Sun Control Additive Solutions
A
- Deciduous trees to shield low buildings from summer sun
- Overhangs for summer sun on South facades
- Vertical baffles for summer sun on West and East facades
- Louvers - exterior are more effective than interior
18
Q
Valley
A
Contour lines that point in the direction of the upslope
19
Q
Passive Solar Heating Strategies
A
- Orient long axis of building along East-West direction to maximize Southern exposure
- Use thermal mass
- Use deciduous trees to shade during summer, but let light fall on windows during winter
20
Q
Wind’s Influence on Building Design by Climate Type
A
Hot/Humid: Orient building and locate windows, plazas, etc. to take advantage of cooling breezes and natural ventilation
Temperate: Wind analysis needed
Cold: Shield building from winds to reduce heat loss using vegetation, buildings, screens, fences, etc.
21
Q
Handicap Parking Sizes
A
- 8’ wide space
- 5’ wide accessible route
- 8’ wide van-accessible route
- Ramp not allowed with van-accessible space
22
Q
Metes and Bounds Description
A
A running narrative describing with words what the boundaries are as one starts at one point of the property and moves around the entire site
23
Q
Active Solar
A
Converts solar energy into usable light or heat, causes air movement for ventilation or cooling, or stores heat for future use
- Can be an adverse visual statement unless on sloped roofs or behind parapets
- Position so as not to reflect on other buildings or occupied areas
- Position so as to avoid being shaded by buildings and trees
24
Q
Sheet Flow
A
Water that drains across a sloping surface
25
Runoff
Additional stormwater that does not seep into the ground
26
Parking Guidelines
1. Driven by individual zoning ordinances
2. 90 Degree parking is most efficient for land use
3. Angled parking is easier to use, requires less total width, and forces one-way circulation
4. Double loaded is most efficient
5. Dead end areas require backup space
27
Solar Altitude
Angle of the sun above the horizon
28
Parking Planting Guidelines
1. Planting strips with trees should be at least 7' wide
| 2. Planting strips for grass should be at least 4' wide
29
Best Overall Orientation for a Building (Northern Hemisphere)
South, or just east of south
30
Photovoltaics
Method of generating electrical power by converting sunlight into direct current electricity
- Require large surfaces
- Can be facade-integrated
31
Road Design Guidelines
1. Max slope of 15%, but 10% is more preferable - if more than 10% then need transition slopes
2. Ramps crossing sidewalks must be level there
3. Min crown of 1/4" per ft for drainage from center
4. Gutter should be 6" high
5. One way should be 10'-12'
6. Two way should be 20'-24'
32
Aboveground Drainage Strategies
1. Sheet flow
2. Gutters built into roadways and parking areas
3. Ground swales as part of the landscaping
4. Channels
33
Temperate Climates - Design Strategies
1. Use long rectangular buildings running along East/West axis and facing slightly East
2. Use windows and openings on South
3. Include summer shading
4. Capture cooling effects of wind in the summer, and block wind in the winter
5. Use medium colors for the building exterior
34
Parking Slope
Min Slope: 1.5% - across double loaded parking (62') it's 1' Max Slope: 5% - across double loaded parking (62') it's 3' - Can also crown parking if slope is running along length
35
Hot/Humid Climates - Design Strategies
1. Shade all openings
2. Maximize natural ventilation with large openings, high ceilings, and cross ventilation
3. Use light materials and minimize thermal mass
4. Use light colors for the building exterior
36
Property Line Bearings
Basically they're vectors
1. Start with North or South direction
2. Angle in Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds that the line is away from either the true North or true South
3. East or West direction for use of the angle
37
Minimum Drainage Slope Requirements
Paved Surface: 1 to 1.5% Underground: 0.3%
38
Cold Climates - Design Strategies
1. Use compact forms with minimal surface area
2. Use large windows on South and minimal or no windows on North
3. Use interior materials with high thermal mass
4. Include summer shading for windows
5. Use dark or medium-dark colors for building exterior
39
Driveway Entry Design Guidelines
1. One way entry drive must be at least 12' wide
2. Two way entry drive must be at least 24' wide
3. One way driveway requires two entry drives (Enter and Exit)
40
Radiative Cooling
Thermal mass is used to store heat during the day and release it outside at night
41
Solar Azimuth
Angle between the sun and a reference direction (usually North). Typically the compass direction of the sun with N:0, E:90, S:180, W:270
42
Alternative Energy Systems
1. Passive Solar Heating
2. Natural Cooling
3. Active Solar
4. Photovoltaics
43
Breakdown of US Survey System (1784)
1. Principal Meridians and Baselines
2. Meridians (E/W) and Parallels (N/S) spaced every 24 miles to form Checks
3. Ranges (E/W) and Townships (N/S) spaced every 6 miles to form Townships - 16 per Check
4. Sections spaced every 1 mile, counting from NE corner and to the west, then dropping down - 36 per Township
5. Quarter Sections spaced every half mile, identified by corner orientation - 4 per Section
6. Parcels every quarter mile, identified by corner orientation - 4 per Quarter Section
44
Tree Types and Uses
Deciduous: block sunlight in the summer and allow it to enter in the winter since leaves fall
Evergreen: block wind to reduce heat loss all year round
45
Pedestrian Ramp Guidelines
1. 30' max between landings
2. Min ramp width of 3'
3. Handrail required on both sides if rise is greater than 6"
4. Extend handrail 12" beyond top and bottom of ramp
5. Max slope of 1:12
46
Ridge
Contour lines that point in the direction of the downslope
47
Day sun is lowest (Northern Hemisphere)
December 21
48
Natural Cooling Strategies
1. Use fixed shading devices
2. Use natural ventilation
3. Use radiative cooling
4. Use ground coupling
5. Use trees for shading
6. Made building wider at higher stories to make it self-shading
7. Minimize glazed areas on East/West
8. Use water elements and wind for evaporative cooling
9. Use light colored or reflective materials
10. Limit paving use or use pervious paving
49
Underground Drainage Strategies
1. Perforated drains
| 2. Enclosed storm sewers
50
Breakdown of Current Survey System
1. Subdivision
2. Lot Number
3. Property Lines that show lengths (feet and decimals) and bearings (degrees, minutes, and seconds the line is located E/W of a N/S line)
51
If the entry requires shade, orient the entry ______
North
52
If the entry requires sun or is in a cold climate, orient the entry ______
South
53
If a building must face South and must also be in the shade, use ______
Deciduous Trees
54
Use evergreen trees for _____
- Wind Control
| - Year round screening of loading docks, parking lots, and other service areas
55
Use deciduous trees for _____
- Solar Control in the summer
- Solar Heat Gain on the building in the winter
- Views while providing shading
56
Formal Design of trees means _____
Using deciduous or ornamental trees in balanced, symmetrical patterns
57
Rules on Tree Overlaps
- Never overlap trees themselves
- Evergreen trees should never overlap anything
- Deciduous trees can slightly overlap walks, parking, and plazas
58
Vehicular Circulation Vignette Tips
- It may cross setbacks, but not if running parallel to setback line
- Do not use more curb cuts than required
- Do not use dead end parking, use drive through circulation
- Locate entries away from intersections
59
Pedestrian Circulation Vignette Tips
- It may cross setbacks, but not if running parallel to setback line
- Include walks next to parking lots whenever possible
- If running beside driveway, it can be either side by side or separated by at least 60 feet
- 5' min width for typ walks
- 6'-8' min width for main walks
- 6' min width for walks where cars can overhang
60
10% Slope means that the grade rises 10 ft for every _____
100 ft
61
100% Slope is _____ degrees
45
62
Contour lines cannot be modified at these locations.....
- Outside of the property line
| - At existing vegetation, i.e. within the drip line of a tree
63
Contour lines only cross when there is a _____
Cave
64
Swales
- Divert water around the high sides of buildings or paved areas and away from the structure
65
Rules on Contour Lines in Parking Lots or Roadways
- Driveways and roads require that water be drained away from the crown, meaning there needs to be a ridge in the center
- Driveways and roads should have a uniform slope, meaning counter lines should be equally spaced
- Parking lots should have a uniform slope and direct water away from the center
66
3 Drainage Patterns in Parking Lots
- Run the slope perpendicular to the length of the lot
- Crown the lot to have the slope run parallel
- Have the slope run diagonally across the lot
- For all, keep the slope at around 2 or 3%
ARE - Site Planning & Design
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