specific immune response

Question 1

phagacyte

Answer 1

all types of white blood cell that is involved in phagacytosis

Question 2

5 types of red blood cells

Answer 2

Never. Neutrophil
Let. Lymphocyte
Monkeys Monocyte
Eat. Eosinophil
Bananas. Basophil

Question 3

two examples of phagacytes

Answer 3

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 4

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 4

• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes

Question 5

T - lymphocytes

Answer 5

made in bone marrow
matured in thymus gland

Question 6

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 6

T lymphocyte cells respond to cells that have been changed in some way.

Question 7

what do cells need to be to invoke a response?

Answer 7

Changed…
by viral infection,
antigen processing,
mutation,
or to cells from transplanted tissue.

Question 8

First step in cell mediated response

Answer 8

• After phagacytosis, macrophages process antigens from the surface of the pathogens to become antigen presenting cell
• the receptors of some t- helper cells fit with the specific antigen of the antigen presenting cell.

Question 9

Fun fact about t- lymphocytes

Answer 9

There are about 10 mill different types of t- cells, each type with a different surface receptor

Question 10

second step in cell mediated response

Answer 10

T helper cell activated and produces interlukins.
Stimulates more t - cells to divide more rapidly by mitosis.

Question 11

what happens to activated t- helper cells

Answer 11

they are cloned

Question 12

cloned t- cells, may develop onto or produce…

Answer 12

• develop into t- memory cells
• produce interlukins to stimulate phagacytosis
• produce interlukins to stimulate B cells to divide.
• develop into T killer cells.

Question 13

What do all differentiated t cells have?

Answer 13

the same surface receptors as eachother.

Question 14

T helper cells

Answer 14

• release interlukins
• interlukins stimulate other t- cells to differentiate
• interlukins stimulate B cells to develop and mature
• interlukins stimulate B cells to divide.
• interlukins stimulate and attract macrophages to ingest the antigen antibody complexes.

Question 15

T-killer cells…

Answer 15

• a cytotoxic cell
• have receptors that are complementary to antigens of the infected cell.
• binds to infected cells and releases perforins, which make the membrane freely permeable, killing the cell

Question 16

What are cytotoxic cells?

Answer 16

A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.

Question 17

T- memory cells..

Answer 17

• stay in your body a long time after infection
• called immunological memory
• if they encounter the same pathogen again, they divide rapidly to form a huge colony of t-killer cells.

Question 18

T memory cells are part of

Answer 18

immunological memory

Question 19

T regulator cells

Answer 19

• suppress the immune system, acting to control and regulate it.
• stop immune response once a pathogen has been eliminated.
• makes sure the body recognises self antigens and does not begin an autoimmune response.
• interlukins are an important part of this.

Question 20

Cytokines

Answer 20

cell signalling molecules that attract white blood cells to the site of damage.
released in inflammatory response as well.

Question 21

opsonins

Answer 21

molecules that coat the pathogen so phagacytes can easily bind to it.

Question 22

opsonins include…

Answer 22

• antibodies
• complement proteins
• other small circulating proteins

Question 23

Interferons

Answer 23

a chemical (cytokine) released by virus infected cells that alerts neighbouring cells and stimulates them to heighten their antiviral defence

Question 24

which cells are involved in the Humoral response

Answer 24

• b lymphocytes
• plasma cells
• memory cells

Question 25

Where do B lymphacytes mature

Answer 25

in the bone marrow

Question 26

what is the humoral response?

Answer 26

when the body responds to antigens outside of cells. Like APCs, bacteria and fungi.

Question 27

give two properties of antibodies...

Answer 27

- soluble in blood and plasma - when they are formed, they are not attached to cells.

Question 28

give two properties of antibodies produces by the humeral response...

Answer 28

- soluble in blood and plasma - when they are formed, they are not attached to cells.

Question 29

another word for antibody

Answer 29

immunoglobulin

Question 30

state what happens in the stage just before clonal selection... humoral response

Answer 30

- b lymphocytes have specific antibodies attached to their cell surface membrane. - a specific b cell's complementary antibodies will attach to the antigens or toxins produced by a pathogen. - b cells engulfs and processes antigens and becomes an APC

Question 31

what do toxins act as in the humeral response

Answer 31

as antigens

Question 32

explain what happens in colonal expansion

Answer 32

- b cell that has become an APC activated T helper cells bind to it.

Question 33

explain what happens after colonal expansion

Answer 33

interlukins from activated t helper cells activate B cells

Question 34

Explain colonal expansion

Answer 34

activated b cells divide into clones of plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 35

clonal expansion ....

Answer 35

increases number of activated B- cells.

Question 36

Humoral response b memory cells

Answer 36

- if the body is infected by same pathogen, memory cells will differenciate into plasma clones.

Question 37

humoral response- plasma cells

Answer 37

- produce antibodies complementary to antigens of pathogen. - act as opsonins and agglutinins

Question 38

difference between primary and secondary response

Answer 38

primary response-to a newly encountered antigen Secondary response- to a previously encountered antigen

Question 39

how antibodies defend the body

Answer 39

- pathogens can no longer invade a host cell once an antigen/antibody complex is formed. - antibody antigen complex acts as opsonin, so the complex is easily engulfed and digested by phahocytes. - antibodies can act as agglutinins. antigen antibodies complex pathogens clump together, making them easily detected and engulfed in larger numbers by pathogens.

Question 40

agglutinins

Answer 40

chemixals that cause oathogens to aggrivate together, aiding phagacytosis.

Question 41

antibodies structure explained (3)

Answer 41

- two identical long polypeptide chains = long chains - two shorter polypeptide chains = short chains - disulfide bridges hold together polypeptides and also hold the chains together.

Question 42

antibody regions explained

Answer 42

- the bottom of the antibody (stem of the y) is the constant region. - the tips of the antibody is the variable region. - hinge region st the crux of the Y before the strands branch out

Question 43

draw a picture of an antibody. label its features

Answer 43

https://www.savemyexams.com/a-level/biology/aqa/17/revision-notes/2-cell-structure/2-5-cell-recognition--the-immune-system/2-5-9-antigen-antibody-complex/

Question 44

Function of hinge region

Answer 44

makes the antibody flexible so it can bind to two separate antigens, one in each variable region.

Question 45

neutralisation- antibodies

Answer 45

antibodies bind to pathogen and prevent them from invading a cell

Question 46

What are macrophages

Answer 46

monocytes that leave the bloodstream and enter tissue.