Specific Learning difficulties - bruce Evans

Question 1

What is profound learning disabilities?

Answer 1

This is like downs syndrome. IQ will be down in general

Question 2

What is specific learning difficulties?

Answer 2

IQ may be normal but may under preform due to a specific reasons such as dyslexia and dyspraxia

Question 3

What did the study with evans et al. (1994) report with their results?

Answer 3

Subjects with dyslexia reported more transient blurring of text compared to non-dyslexic subjects

Question 4

What is dyslexia?

Answer 4

LD that effects reading and spelling

Question 5

What are causes?

Answer 5

1. Visual attention span
2. Breaking down what you see into, units we understand (phoneme awareness)

Question 6

What is binocular instability with dyslexia?

Answer 6

1. Blurring
2. Double vision
3. Visual perceptual disorders

This can causes eye strain and HA

Question 7

How can we detect binocular instability clinically?

Answer 7

1. Unstable heterophoria - Mallet unit
2. Low fusional reserves - prisms

Question 8

What is the prevalence’s of binocular instability compared to a good reader?

Answer 8

X3 chance.

But still a lot of px dyslexic will not have it. 15%

Question 9

When do we treat binocular instability?

Answer 9

1. It Is causing symptoms.
2. It will get worse if not treated.

Question 10

What treatment for binocular instability?

Answer 10

1. RX
2. Fusional reserve exercises
3. Very rare but prisms

Question 11

What is the Magno system?

Answer 11

1. Good at detecting rapid changes (flicker and motion)
2. Operates in the peripheral retina
3. Not good with fine detail, contrast and colour

Question 12

What is the parvo system?

Answer 12

1. Not good at detecting rapid changes
2. Operates in the fovea
   Good at detecting fine detail, contrast, and colour

Question 13

Do these work together (parvo and magno)?

Answer 13

Yes magno and parvo work together hand in hand

Question 14

Which system do dyslexic people have a deficit with?

Answer 14

The magno system :(

Question 15

Is magno deficit related to binocular instability?

Answer 15

YES (Evans 1994)

Question 16

Why is it hard proving that colour filters help with dyslexia?

Answer 16

Because the magno system is not colour specific!

Question 17

What is a behavioural optometrist?

Answer 17

1. Good detailed H and S
2. They care for the whole body (and the person) not just eyes
3. Good orthoptist assessment

Question 18

Why do behavioural optoms think saccades involved?

Answer 18

Because of the DEM test!
They compared this task between dyslexic and non-dyslexic px.

Question 19

What is mearres-ilrean syndrome / sensory visual stress?

Answer 19

Certain Symptoms and will benefits from colour.

Visual stress Symptoms :
- Transient blurring
- Moving words

Question 20

Do coloured filters work?

Answer 20

It can help ease the stress, but it is not a one colour for all ; different people need different colours to help alleviate the visual stress

Question 21

Why might coloured filters work?

Answer 21

Placebo OR..
They actually do work

Question 22

What is the Wilkins reading test?

Answer 22

The text is smaller and the reader has to read this as fast as possible.

It is random words and simple words… the reader does not need to be good to read them.

You will test using overlays and without overlays. You get the mean reading speed.

Question 23

What are research points derived from the “intuitive system”?

Answer 23

1. Overlays is associated with improved speed of reading
2. Coloured glasses helps with reading

Question 24

Why do coloured filters help?

Answer 24

Pattern glare

Question 25

Why is the colour different for the lens and the overlayer?

Answer 25

Because of colour adaption.

Question 26

What is a problem when researching with coloured tints?

Answer 26

It is hard to control against placebo effect ; the intervention knows what they have.

Question 27

What is a pitfall in research with visual stress?

Answer 27

1. Researching the target condition 2. Prescribe colour individually 3. Use appropriate outcome measures 4. Use appropriate population

Question 28

What should we do in clinical practise with conservative interventions?

Answer 28

1. Listen but do not over treat 2. Beware of favourite colours and gender! (boys may pick blue more) 3. Solution for many digital devices.

Question 29

What is pattern glare?

Answer 29

This is discomfort when looking at certain visual stimulus such as text.

Question 30

Why do people get pattern glare?

Answer 30

Overloading of the visual cortex system

Question 31

Who is pattern glare more prevalent in?

Answer 31

1. Sensory visual stress 2. Migranes (aliya) 3. Photsensitive epilepsy (anisha) 4. Autism (hardeep) 5. Nothing (priyesh)

Question 32

What are some symptoms of visual stress?

Answer 32

1. Eye strain 2. Headaches 3. Visual perceptual distortions (moving words)

Question 33

What do we do with visual stress?

Answer 33

We need to rule out any other conditions before visual stress. Then consider coloured overlays to aid visual stress