1
Q
Arteriviridae
A
+ssRNA, enveloped, transmission( sexual, aerogen, contact)
Equine arteritis virus - arteritis, oedema, abortion
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome - abortion, infertility, respiratory signs
2
Q
Orthomyxoviridae
A
Genera - Influenza (A,B,C), Thogotovirus, Isavirus
-ssRNA, segmented, enveloped
Influenza A - in pig, horse, birds, humans
Influenza B,C - HUman, seal, dog
Thogotovirus - Arbovirusin Asia
Isavirus - Salmon
3
Q
Polyomavirus causes latent infections
A
FALSE
4
Q
Adenovirus causes enteritis in mammals/birds.
A
FALSE (Does cause pneumoenteritis)
5
Q
Describe the morphology of the Adenovirus
A
Linear dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.
6
Q
What type of virus is Varicellovirus?
A
Herpesvirus (alphaherpesvirus)
7
Q
- Pox Virus causes skin lesions
A
TRUE
8
Q
- Capripox causes skin lesions.
A
TRUE
9
Q
- What type of virus is Hepadnaviridae?
A
DNA
10
Q
- Describe the morphology of Circoviridae
A
Circular dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.
11
Q
- Parvo causes enteritis.
A
True
12
Q
- How is the transmission of Birnaviridae?
A
Contact
13
Q
- Rotavirus causes neonatal enteritis.
A
True
14
Q
- What is the host of Teschovirus?
A
Pig
15
Q
- What does Parechovirus cause?
A
Enteritis
16
Q
- Avastrovirus causes what in chickens?
A
Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney)
17
Q
- Dicistroviridae is a virus of honey bees.
A
True
18
Q
- How is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease transmitted?
A
By contact (direct or by fomites)
19
Q
- Border Disease causes abortion in sheep.
A
TRUE
20
Q
- Arteriviridae affects stallions.
A
True
21
Q
- The Influenza host (avian).
A
Wild water birds
22
Q
- The surface protein of Influenza?
A
Haemaglutinin
23
Q
- Parainfluenza virus 3 infects?
A
Cattle and Sheep – “Shipping Fever”
24
Q
- What type of virus is Canine Distemper Virus?
A
Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)
25
23. Cowpox/pseudopox is zoonotic.
True
26
24. Herpes virus is an arbovirus (transmitted by insects).
FALSE
27
25. What does Herpesvirus cause?
Lesions (usually oral or genital)
28
26. How is Ephemerovirus transmitted?
By mosquitoes (arthropod bites)
29
27. Nairovirus is an arthropod virus.
TRUE
30
28. What lesions does a Retrovirus cause?
Lesions in skin and brain (carcoma, carcinoma, leukemia tumours)
31
29. TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) affects mainly cattle/mink/cats.
TRUE
32
30. Prions are resistant to proteases.
TRUE
33
31. Name of TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) in sheep.
Scrapie
34
32. African Horse Sickness is caused by which virus?
Orbivirus (Sedoreovirinae
35
33. Genera of the Picornaviridae are?
Entero-, Aptho-, Erbo-, Avihepato-, Hepato-, Cardio-, Tescho-, Tremo-, Parecho-, Kobu-.
36
34. Alphaviruses:
a) transmitted by ticks
b) may be zoonotic
c) only present in America
d) no cross reaction.
b) May be zoonotic
37
35. Torovirus can cause?
Berne Virus (foal gastroenteritis), Breda Virus (calf gastroenteritis), Chicken , swine and human gastroenteritis.
38
36. Reservoir host of Mammastrovirus?
Humans, mammals and vertebrates.
39
37. Human and bovine pathogen viruses are found in the:
a) Alpha,
b) Beta,
c) Gamma?
a)Alpha
40
38. Prion pathogens do not contain?
Nucleic acid (proteins)
41
39. Animals are susceptible to :
a) Mumps,
b) Measles,
c) Influenza 1?
c)Influenza 1
42
40. Affinity Chromatography uses?
Viruses adsorb to specific antibodies, rinsing to remove impurities and then elution with buffer.
43
41. Lesions caused by Pox on CAM embryonic egg are called?
Pock lesions
44
42. Which disease was recently eradicated from earth?
Small pox and rinderpest
45
43. Kidney lesions in chicken are caused by?
Avastrovirus
46
44. How did virus get its name?
A scientist used a filter whose pores were smaller than the bacteria so the bacteria was not filtered, but following further investigation, it was found that the filtrate contained a smaller form of infectious agent. This agent multiplies only in dividing cells and it was made of particles – it was called contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ) and later was simply called virus.
47
45. Prions cause what in sheep?
Scrapie
48
46. How are airborne viruses contracted?
Breathed in through the respiratory tract
49
47. The host of Hantavirus?
Rodents
50
48. What is the given name for Goose Disease?
Goose Parvovirus (Derzsy’s Disease)
51
49. Adeno and Orthomyxo viruses - name the disease for calves.
Pneumoenteritis.
52
50. What does Aujesky Disease cause in Canines?
Lethal CNS Disease, like rabies.
53
```
51. Immunosuppression: True/False:
Leukemia
Lymphocytes
Enterocytes
Encephalomyelitis
```
Leukemia TRUE
Lymphocytes FALSE
Enterocytes TRUE
Encephalomyelitis TRUE
54
52. What virus is propagated in the Chorioallantoin?
Pox and Herpesvirus
55
53. What is eclipse?
Eclipse is the expression of genetic information. It is the step in virus multiplication involving transcription, translation and replication.
56
54. What is it called when a virus enters the blood?
Viremia
57
55. Genetic part of a virion?
DNA/RNA
58
56. The role of Rdrp in Retrovirus?
(RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase) Replication of RNA.
59
57. How do bacteriophages get into the host cell?
Penetration.
60
58. What is a prion?
A prion is a small protein capable of infecting a cell and causing itself to replicate even though it contains no nucleic acid.
61
59. Virions always contain lipids.
FALSE
62
60. Virions with quasihelical nucleocapsids are enveloped.
TRUE
63
61. Virions with quasihelical capsids are never enveloped.
FALSE
64
62. Pleomorphic capsids may not have an envelope.
TRUE
65
63. Please mark which is true:
a) Mutations are more frequent in cellular organisms than in viruses
b) The effects of mutations are always advantageous for viruses
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
d) Mutant viruses cannot be used as vaccine strains.
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
66
64. How do we call the process when the antigenic structure of a virus suddenly changes due to reassortment?
Antigenic shift.
67
65. Polyomaviruses can cause persistent infections in kidney cells.
TRUE
68
66. Papillomaviruses often cause encephalitis and diarrhoea in swine.
FALSE
69
67. Serological cross-reactions may occur between adenovirus species within the same genus.
TRUE
70
68. Atadenoviruses may cause disease in birds.
TRUE
71
69. Please mark the correct answer: Aujesky’s Disease is caused by the:
a) Suid herpesvirus type 1
b) Canid herpesvirus type 2
c) Porcine Parvovirus type 1
d) Porcine circovirus type 2
a) Suid herpesvirus type 1
72
70. Which virus family contains viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome and helical capsid?
Coronaviridae.
73
71. What virus causes abortions?
Varicellovirus (Aujesky’s Disease, IBR, Equine rhinopneumonitis), Arteritis virus (PRRS, Equine Arteritis Virus), Orbivirus (Blue Tongue, Ibraki Disease, African Horse Sickness), Phlebovirus & Nairovirus of Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley Fever, Nairobi Sheep Fever)
74
72. How does the enveloped virus enter the cell?
Membrane fusion
75
73. Viruses can only propagate in living cells.
TRUE
76
74. What disease is caused in hens by astrovirus?
Chicken Astrovirus (“White Chicks” Condition)
77
75. Which virus family causes haemorrhage?
Caliciviridae (RHD), parvoviridae (Aleutian Mink Disease), circoviridae (Porcine circovirus), asfivirus (ASF), orbivirus (African Horse Sickness, Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease), nairovirus (Crimean-congo haemorrhagic Fever), Arenaviridae, paramyxovirus (Newcastle Disease), Filovirus (Ebola).
78
76. Contact Inhibition:
When the cytoplasmic membrane edges of growing cells touches each other causing an inhibition to growth (forms a primary monolayer of cells)
79
77. Disease in hens caused by the Atadenovirus?
Egg Drop Syndrome
80
78. What do you call the infective part of the virus?
Virion
81
79. Where do RNA viruses multiply?
| .
In the cytoplasm
82
80. Which virus families cause skin lesions?
Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, (Poxviridae cause pock lesions)
83
81. How to investigate virus neutralisation test?
Use blocking antibodies that will adsorb to the receptors of the cell so virus cant adsorb to the cell too.
- Constant virus varying serum dilution: Serial 2fold serum solution, add virus, incubate (antibodies will neutralise the virus), inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
- Constant serum varying virus dilution: 2 Serial 10fold virus dilutions, add +and-serum, incubate, inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
84
82. Monoclonal antibodies:
Antibodies which are the same as they were produced by identical immune cells who were all clones of a unique parent cell.
85
83. What proteins are found in prions?
Cellular prion protein, Infectious prion protein.
86
84. What is the genetic part of the virion?
The nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
87
85. What is the family of the Distemper viruses?
Paramyxoviridae
88
86. Haemagglutination:
This is the clumping together of red blood cells. Tests include: Haemagglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test.
89
87. Concentration of a virus sample?
Precipitation, adsorption, dialysis, ultrafiltration, pelletisation.
90
88. Virus titer:
- Infective titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which 50% CPEs occur.
- Haemagglutination titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which haemagglutination has not yet occurred.
91
89. Restriction nucleases:
cleave proteins at specific DNA sequences.
92
90. Cells removed from a monoculture:
Can then be used in a subculture and propagated further.
93
91. What does Aujesky’s Disease do in Canines?
Lethal CNS effects (like rabies)
94
92. What type of sample is required for Ataxia in a horse?
Conjunctival and nasal swabs, liquor cerebrospinalis, EDTA blood. (Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of a lack of coordinating movements
95
93. Propagation of African Swine Fever:
experimental infection of living animals
96
94. Acridin Orange Test:
| .
Tests for the presence of either ss/ds DNA/RNA.
-Green fluorescence when bound to dsDNA.
–Red fluorescence when bound to ssDNA or RNA
97
95. Does a greenish-yellow colour mean a doublestranded virus?
Yes
98
96. Vaccines:
Live (attenuated, virulent, heterotypic, virus-vectored), inactivated, subunit, anti-idiotype.
99
97. Active Immunity:
Stimulation of an immune response by the body by a specific antigen (injecting a weaker live virus into the body so that the body itself must produce antibodies against the viral antigens), preventative method, long term immunity.
100
98. Parvo in the environment:
spread through faecal matter, but due to its very strong resistance it can survive on surfaces and be spread via contact with those surfaces.
101
99. Describe the Orthobunyavirus:
circular ssRNA with segmented genome, enveloped, - with helical capsid, viruses: Akabane disease and Schmallenburg virus of Ruminants.
102
Prions in sheep:
Prions are agents of Transmissible Spongioform Encephalosis and cause Scrapie in sheep.
103
Tick Vectors:
Colorado tick fever, Lyme disease, hepatazoonosis.
104
Reservoir host of Mamarenavirus?
Pet hamsters, mice (rodents)
105
Role of VtRt in Hepadnaviridae:
replication (Viral transcriptase Reverse transcriptase)
106
On which part of the virus is the lipid found?
Envelope.
107
PCR-Colour:
Green-dsDNA, Red-ssDNA/RNA
108
Binary?:
induces DNA? Binary Vectors are shuttle vectors as they are able to replicate in multiple hosts.
109
What is the method of a hemolysis test using sheep blood?
- Haemagglutination Titre: serial 2fold dilution, add washed RBCs of appropriate species, incubate->titer is the highest dilution of virus where there is no haemagglutination as of yet.
- Haemagglutination inhibition: serial 2fold dilution of serum sample, add 4-8HA units of virus, incubate, add washed RBCs->titer is the highest dilution where there is no HA.
110
Amino Acid sequence of haemagluttinating protease cleavage site of Influenza A may cause?
Will cleave the Hemaglutinin of the virus-this must be cleaved by cellular proteases to be active as a fusion protein and cause infection.
Virology
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