SPECT Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

are used to increase system sensitivity and reduce scan times.

use of ?(i.e., body contouring) for scintillation camera traveling around the patient allows the distance to the patient to be minimized.

Multiheaded cameras

elliptical orbits

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Most SPECT equipment uses ? scintillation camera heads.

–The major benefit of SPECT is the improved ? that results from the elimination of overlapping structures.

Common clinical SPECT applications include ? or ? and evaluation of abnormalities seen on planar bone scans.

two

contrast

myocardial ischemia or infarctions

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SPECT studies are also performed with ? for neuroendocrine imaging, ? for prostate imaging, and 67 Ga for infections.

–A SPECT/CT system contains separate SPECT and CT imaging systems, with a patient bed passing through both systems

111In octreotide

111 In labeled ProstaScint

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–A PET camera contains rings of detectors (?) surrounding the patient.

–Detectors are coupled to ?to detect light produced in each detector.

scintillators

photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)

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Most early-generation PET scanners had detectors made of ?

–Modern PET scanners use detectors made of ? or ?

– ?is also used, which is LSO doped with a small amount of yttrium.

Bismuth Germanate (BGO).

Lutetium Oxyorthosilicate (LSO)
Gadolinium Oxyorthosilicate (GSO).

Lutetium Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate (LYSO)

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-Inorganic scintillator/ high density/ Very good (high stopping power)/ Low light output/ poor energy resolution/ slow decay time/ high afterglow/ First-generation PET scanners/ Cheaper

BGO

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Inorganic scintillator/ high density/ Very good (high stopping power)/ high light output/ good energy resolution/ fast decay time/ low afterglow/ Modern PET scanners/ Expensive

LSO

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Inorganic scintillator/ Moderate density/ Lower than BGO & LSO (stopping power)/ Moderate light output/ good energy resolution/ Moderate decay time/ Low afterglow/ Some PET systems, SPECT/ Cheaper than LSO/LYSO

GSO

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Inorganic scintillator/ high density/ Very good (high stopping power)/ high light output/ good energy resolution/ fast decay time/ low afterglow/ Most common modern PET scanners/ Expensive but efficient

LYSO

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Shows detection of annihilation radiation in a PET scanner.

TOMOGRAPHY

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Two interactions occurring within a specified time interval τ (coincidence timing window) are called a

coincidence event.

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There are three types of coincidences:

true,coincidences,
scatter coincidences,
random (accidental) coincidence

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–A true coincidence is the simultaneous detection of two ? annihilation photons

511-keV

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This is the “good signal.”

Both 511-keV photons from the same annihilation event are detected These give accurate information about where the tracer is in the body

True coincidences

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Sometimes one photon bounces off tissue before reaching the detector.

This adds blurry or inaccurate information to the image

Scatter coincidences

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Two photons from completely different annihilations happen to arrive at the detectors at the same time by chance.

The scanner falsely assumes they are from the same event. This also reduces image qualit

Random (accidental) coincidence

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) is an iterative algorithm used primarily in the field of medical imaging, especially in positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM).

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Measuring the difference in arrival times of the two annihilation photons from an annihilation is used in ?

the time it takes for each photon to reach the detector varies based on their point of origin and the distance to the detectors.

If one photon arrives at a detector slightly earlier than the other, it indicates that the annihilation occurred closer to that detector.

–this information can be used in the reconstruction process to improve image quality including improved spatial resolution as well as enhanced lesion contrast

time of flight (TOF) PET.

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The most common positron emitter used for PET imaging is ? (T1/2 = ?).

–in the form of ? is the most commonly used agent.

–Rubidium (82 Rb, T1/2 = ?) and gallium (68 Ga, T1/2 = ?) can be obtained from generators.

F18
110 minutes

fluorodeoxyglucose

75 s

68 min

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PET scanners designed for two-dimensional acquisition have ? annular collimators, typically made of ?, to prevent most radiation emitted by activity outside a transaxial slice from reaching the detector ring for that slice

thin

tungsten

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In ?, septal collimator rings are not used and coincidences are detected among many or all rings of detectors.

For this systems, coincidences are detected in the complete imaged volume.

Three-dimensional scanner sensitivity (without septa) is ? times higher than 2D scanner sensitivity (with septa).

what Modern PET scanners generally operate in allowing smaller activities to be administered to patients.

3D mode

six

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PET/CT systems normally offer a?-cm gantry aperture.

–Activity (18 F) in PET is typically ? MBq (? mCi) and is administered ? to ?minutes before imaging is to commence.

555 MBq (15 mCi

60 to 90

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?-slice CT scanners are adequate for most PET/CT applications. –?-slice scanners are targeted for cardiac applications. –Spiral CT scanning from the eyes to the upper thigh can be performed in ?to ? s

Sixteen Sixty-four 15 to 20 s

Axial coverage in PET is ? cm to ? cm. per gantry rotation. Current clinical PET scans use about ? detector positions to cover the body. –Typical PET scans take ? to ? minutes at each detector position. –Up to? positions would be required for head-to-toe PET imaging of melanoma patients.

15 cm to 22 cm. five 2 to 3 minutes 11

?: Greater axial coverage can improve the ability to visualize larger areas of interest in a single scan, which is crucial for assessing larger anatomical regions. ?: Higher axial coverage can reduce scan times since more information is gathered in each rotation, leading to quicker imaging sessions for patients

Spatial Resolution Scan Efficiency

damaged technetium generator may permit? or ! to break into the saline elute. 99Mo breakthrough results in an unnecessary and ? to the patient. • –Breakthrough 99 Mo degrades image quality because of ?

99Mo or alumina high radiation dose septal penetration.

is used to determine the content of 99Mo each time the generator is eluted.

dose calibrator

–99Mo has gamma ray energy levels of ?(3)

181, 740 and 780 keV.

Alumina interferes with the proper formation of ?

99mTc radiopharmaceutical kits.

is used to test for alumina breakthrough. • -?test paper/ ?Test Paper • - ? Test Strip” or “ ?paper.

Color indicator paper Colorimetric alumina or Quantitative Aluminum Aluminum Breakthrough or Alumitest

?or no significant color change → This means alumina levels are acceptable. • FAIL / High Alumina: • ? or ? s appear → This means there is too much alumina contamination.

Light yellow Dark pink or red spot

?relates to the presence of unwanted radionuclides in the sample. • –Contaminant radionuclides are identified by their ( ?using ? • –An example of a radionuclide impurity is the presence of? in 99m Tc.

Radionuclide purity distinctive) photopeak energies gamma ray spectroscopy. 99 Mo

–201Tl ( ? & ?keV) may contain 202Tl ( ?, ? & ?KeV)

135 and 167 439, 779, and 1120

is the chemical purity of the isotope.

Radiochemical purity

y is used to check radiochemical purity. separates compounds that are soluble in saline.

Thin-layer chromatography

refers to the amount of unwanted chemical contaminants in the agent

Chemical purity

Free ? is a radiochemical contaminant.

pertechnetate in 99mTc labeled DTPA

means that the radiopharmaceutical is free of any microbial contamination.

Sterility

?should be performed before the agent is administered to a patient. • –are performed on each batch of short-lived radionuclides

Sterility and pyrogenicity tests

The ? of the PHA is evaluated by using a source that radiates the whole crystal. • –Irradiation of the whole crystal may be achieved using a ? or ? at a distance. • –This is checked ?

photopeak window sheet source, or a point source daily

is the ability of the scintillation camera to reproduce a uniform distribution of activity. • –Differences in the ? or ? contribute to nonuniformity.

Field uniformity PMT response and transmission of light in the crystal

Nonuniformities of greater than ± ?% from the mean are unacceptable for clinical imaging. • –Modern cameras have a uniformity of better than?% between adjacent areas.

5 2

Field uniformity is commonly checked daily by placing a large-area disc made of ? in front of the camera. • –?discs have a size that is comparable to the scintillation camera dimensions.

57 Co

–57Co emits ? keV photons and has a half-life of ? days. • –Sources of 57 Co require replacement ?or so.

122 kev 270 days every year

?flood images are obtained with the collimator in place and will assess the system performance including the collimator. • – ?floods are performed without the collimator and assess the performance of NaI crystal and associated light detectors.

Extrinsic Intrinsic

(i.e., the ability to separate two points) is checked using a quadrant bar phantom. also check for linearity (i.e., ability to image straight lines)

Resolution

Quadrant bar phantoms have four sets of parallel bars, with each rotated through ? degrees, with dimensions of ?(4) mm.

90 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0

?is an ionization chamber used to measure the activity of a radioisotope dose.mwhere Measurements can be made in make measurements in ?or ? Each dose must be determined before injection into the patient.

dose calibrator MBq or mCi.

Constancy is checked ? by measuring the same standard source that has a long half-life. Day to day measurements should vary by less than?%.

daily 5

Linearity is checked ? by measuring the decay of 99mTc over ?hours or more.

quarterly 72hours

137Cs has a half-life of ? and is therefore ideal for measuring ?

30 years calibrator constancy

Accuracy is checked at installation and ? using calibrated sources.

annually

is the difference in intensity (counts) in any abnormality compared to the intensity in the surrounding normal anatomy (background). in nuclear medicine images is high when radiopharmaceuticals localize well in the organ of interest.

Contrast

Excellent localization in an organ of interest is known as “?” imaging.

hot spot

?contrast is the difference in activities in the abnormality and surrounding normal anatomy. • – ?contrast is the corresponding difference in image counts in the abnormality and normal anatomy.

Subject Image

? degrade image contrast. • –The ratio of organ-specific uptake to unwanted uptake in other tissues is called the ? • –Contrast is affected by ? & ?

Background counts target to background ratio. septal penetration and scatter

is the ability to distinguish two adjacent radioactive sources.

Spatial resolution • –Nuclear medicine resolution

An image of a line source of activity will be ? (i.e., blurred) than the line itself. • –An image of a line is known as the ?

larger line spread function.

Measurement of the ? of the line spread function is the most common measure of resolution in nuclear medicine.

full width half maximum (FWHM)

Intrinsic resolution of a scintillation camera is typically between ? and ? mm • –Increasing the NaI detectorm? will degrade resolution because of increased light diffusion in the detector.

3 and 5 mm. thickness

Resolution is degraded if the ?from the crystal.

PMTs separate

System resolution (R) depends on the m?and,?

intrinsic resolution of the scintillation camera (Ri) resolution of the collimator (Rc).

• –? is any unwanted counts in a nuclear medicine image that can interfere with the detection of abnormalities.

Noise

Noise may be classified as ?or “

random or structured.

? or ?is a results of the low number of photons used to create a typical NM image and is a major factor in image quality.

Random noise or quantum mottle

? in nuclear medicine is much higher than in x-ray imaging because the number of photons used to generate an image is low. • –If too few counts are recorded, the high can reduce lesion detectability. • –can be reduced only by increasing the number of counts in the image.

Quantum mottle

PET images have high ? and lower levels of image ?. • – ?are not used in PET, which markedly increases their sensitivity

counts mottle Collimators

?includes nonuniformities in the scintillation camera and minor contributor to overall noise. • –Overlying objects in the patient can also result in this • –Example: Uptake in the gastrointestinal tract when imaging the kidneys is an example of

Structured noise

? is one of the most common sources of artifacts in all NM imaging. • –. s can cause significant uniformity problems. • –? produce linear defects in the image, whose characteristics reflect the shape of the crack. ? may also produce a cold defect and shows up well on a flood image.

Patient motion Damaged collimator Cracked crystals PMT failure

?refers to the increased brightness at the edge of the crystal. • –Crystals are deliberately made larger than the imaged field of view to minimize this

Edge packing

? of light at the edge of the crystal and absence of ? beyond the crystal edge are the cause of edge packing.

Internal reflection PMTs

? contain excessive Compton scatter and occur when the PHA window is outside or low side the main photopeak. • –have decreased contrast and resolution. • –? worn by the patient produce photopenic areas that may mimic pathologic cold lesions.

Off-peak images Metal objects

Operator doses during injection are ?mSv/hour.

0.01 to 0.02

Extremity doses need to be monitored using ? which are worn on a finger. –NM operators risk intakes of radionuclides such as 131 I and undergo mandatory ? (e.g., thyroid monitoring for iodine uptakes).

ring dosimeters bioassay

Volatile radionuclides ( ? & ?) should be stored in fume hoods. ? should be performed of radionuclide use areas using a small piece of filter paper is wiped on an area and checked in a NaI well counter.

131I and 133Xe Wipe tests

Radioactive waste can be stored for ? half-lives prior to being surveyed and disposed of as regular waste. Annual effective doses for NM technologists range between ? and ? mSv.

ten 1 and 5 mSv.

Annual effective doses for NM technologists range between

1 and 5 mSv.

–PET poses considerable challenges because of the high energies of the annihilation photons (? keV), where two photons are emitted for every nuclear decay. –In PET, very thick vial shields, syringe shields, and shadow shields are used to protect staff handling and administering PET radiopharmaceuticals. PET imaging rooms and PET uptake rooms commonly have much thicker lead shielding than x-ray facilities

511

Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Brain Method of Administration - Delay before Imaging - Method of Localization -? increased uptake correlates with increased metabolism and trapped in brain tissue for several hours.

Intravenous 45 minutes Glucose analogue,

use oncology imaging. -differentiate between recurring tumor and necrotic tissue. -also used for localization of epileptogenic focus and assessment and localization of brain hypometabolism. -cardiac applications in determining metabolic activity and viability of myocardium.

Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

The resulting images highlight areas of increased uptake, which typically indicate sites of infection, inflammation, or malignancy. -Tumor, abscess imaging; Hodgkin's Disease, lymphoma, bronchogenic carcinoma and acute inflammatory lesions.

Gallium-67 (Citrate)

Gallium-67 (Citrate) Inflammation or infection Method of Administration - ? Delay before Imaging -After a waiting period (usually ? to ? hours to allow for optimal localization), Method of Localization -Gallium-67 has an affinity for certain ? & ?, particularly ?, which binds iron. In inflamed or infected tissues, there is increased vascular permeability and an accumulation of white blood cells, leading to higher concentrations of transferrin that facilitates the uptake of Gallium-67.

Intravenous 24 to 72 proteins and compounds transferrin

Iodine-123 (Sodium Iodide) Thyroid Method of Administration -? After a sufficient uptake period (usually a -? hours postadministration), imaging is performed using a gamma camera. The camera detects the gamma radiation emitted by the I-123. Method of Localization - ?

Oral- typically in capsule form or as a liquid. Delay before Imaging 4-6 Active transport

Evaluation of thyroid function and or morphology. -Areas of increased uptake may indicate hyperfunctioning nodules (hot nodules), while decreased uptake can suggest conditions like thyroiditis.

Iodine-123 (Sodium Iodide) Thyroid

Iodine-131 (Sodium Iodide) Thyroid Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging - ? Method of Localization -?

Oral 24 hours Active transport

Iodine-131 (Sodium Iodide) ?-? MBq (?-? mCi) for thyroid carcinoma metastatic survey; -?-? MBq (?-? mCi) for hyperthyroidism; -?-? GBq (?- ?mCi) for thyroid cancer.

74-185 MBq (2-5 mCi) 185-555 MBq (5-15 mCi) 1.1-7.4 GBq (30- 200mCi)

Indicated for patient with biopsy-proven prostate cancer that is thought to be clinically localized after standard Dx imaging tests. -Also indicated for postprostatectomy Px with high clinical suspicion of occult metastatic disease.

Indium-111 Capromab pendetite ( ProstaScint)

Indium-111 Capromab pendetite ( ProstaScint) Prostate Gland Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging - ? Method of Localization - ?

IV 72-120 hours Antibody-Antigen Complexation

Localization of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors

Indium-111 Pentetreotide (Octreoscan) Neuroendocrine

Indium-111 Pentetreotide (Octreoscan) Neuroendocrine Method of Administration - ? Delay before Imaging -?hours Method of Localization -?

Intravenous 24-48 Receptor binding

Clinical Utility -Colorectal and ovarian carcinoma.

Indium-111 Satumomab pendetide (OncoScint)

Indium-111 Satumomab pendetide (OncoScint) Colorectal and Ovary Method of Administration -? over a ? time Delay before Imaging - ? to ?hours Method of Localization - ?

Intravenous 5 minutes 48-72 hours Antibody-Antigen Complexation

-Detection of occult inflammatory lesions not visualized by other modalities. -Infection Detection: Identifying abscesses or osteomyelitis. -Inflammatory Diseases: Assessing conditions like vasculitis or rheumatoid arthritis.

Indium-111 WBC

Indium-111 WBC Leukocytes Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

Intravenous 4-24 hours Chemotaxis

Lung ventilation studies

Kr krypton gas-81m

krypton gas-81m Lungs Method of Administration ? Delay before Imaging - ? Method of Localization ?

Inhalation None Compartmental Localization and Leakage

-Intraperitoneal or intrapleural instillation. -instilled directly into the body cavity containing a malignant effusion. -is primarily utilized for its therapeutic effects, particularly in cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis, where direct targeting of cancer cells in the abdominal cavity is desired.

Chromic phosphate 32p

Chromic phosphate 32p Abdominal Cavity Method of Administration -?- Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

Intracavity, This can be done via a catheter or needle directly into the abdominal cavity. Not allowed Compartmental Localization and Leakage

Therapy only. Indicated for the relief of pain in patients with painful skeletal metastasis.

Strontium-89 Chloride (Metastron)

Strontium-89 Chloride (Metastron) Bone Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

IV Not allowed Physiochemical Adsorption

Imaging agent for detection of acute venous thrombosis (AVT) in the lower extremities in patients who have signs and symptoms of AVT.

Technetium-99m Apcitide (AcuTect)

Technetium-99m Apcitide (AcuTect) Veins Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -? ?

Intravenous 2-4hours Receptor Binding -Glycoprotein receptor imaging

Identifies pulmonary masses particularly to differentiate between malignant and benign lung nodules. -The binding allows for the visualization of areas where there is a higher concentration of these receptors, which is typically seen in malignant lesions.

Technetium-99m Depreotide / NeoTect (DI)

Technetium-99m Depreotide / NeoTect (DI) Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -

Intravenous 2-4 hr Receptor Binding

Hepatobiliary imaging agent, hepatic duct and gallbladder visualization

Technetium-99m / HIDA (Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid)

Technetium-99m / HIDA (iminodiacetic acid) Hepatobiliary Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -~? after administration. -~? serial images every? Method of Localization -?

Intravenous 20min 5 min 5 min. active transport.

Evaluation of renal parenchymal disorders. -Evaluate renal function, detect renal abnormalities (such as scarring from pyelonephritis), assess differential renal function, and identify masses or lesions within the kidney.

Technetium- 99m DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) / Succimer

Technetium- 99m DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) / Succimer – Renal Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging ? to hrsto allow for adequate uptake by the kidneys Method of Localization -? -DMSA has a high affinity for renal cortical tissue.

IV -2 to 4 hours Receptor Binding

Detection of altered regional cerebral perfusion in stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, seizures, etc. -can be used to radiolabel leukocytes as an adjunct in the localization of intra-abdominal infection and inflammatory bowel disease.

Technetium-99m Exametazime / Ceretec and HMPAO (DI)

Technetium-99m Exametazime / Ceretec and HMPAO (DI) Brain Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -~? Method of Localization -?(due to its lipophilic nature) -? (assess regional cerebral blood flow) -?

IV 30 min Simple exchange/passive diffusion Cerebral perfusion Chemotaxis

Scintigraphic evaluation of pulmonary perfusion. -preoperative assessments for patients undergoing lung surgery. -Not to be used for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension or history of hypersensitivity to human serum albumin.

Technetium-99m Macro aggregated albumin (MAA) Lung

Technetium-99m Macro aggregated albumin (MAA) Lung Method of Administration -? Delay Before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

IV Few minutes to 30 minutes Capillary Blockade

Skeletal imagine agent. Three phase(flow, blood pool, bone uptake); used to distinguish between cellulitis and osteomyelitis. -Theory of bone uptake: (a)hydroxyapatite crystal binding; (b)collagen dependent uptake in organic bone matrix.

Technetium-99m Medronate / Tc-99m Methyenediphosphonate (MDP) Bone

Technetium-99m Medronate / Tc-99m Methyenediphosphonate (MDP) Bone Skeletal imagine agent. Three phase(?); used to distinguish between cellulitis and osteomyelitis. -Theory of bone uptake: (a)?; (b)? in organic bone matrix.

flow, blood pool, bone uptake hydroxyapatite crystal binding collagen dependent uptake

Technetium-99m Medronate / Tc-99m Methyenediphosphonate (MDP) Bone Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

IV 2-4hr Physiochemical Adsorption

Assesses both the blood flow to the kidneys and the ability of the kidneys to excrete the tracer. -Assessment of renal function; split function; renal angiograms; renogram curves, whole kidney and renal cortex.

Technetium-99m Mertiatide / MAG3 9 (DI)

Technetium-99m Mertiatide / MAG3 9 (DI) Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -Waiting period of about?, allowing for adequate uptake and clearance Method of Localization -?

IV 15-30 minutes Perfusion

Areas of increased uptake indicate regions with good perfusion, while decreased uptake may suggest areas of reduced blood flow, which can be indicative of conditions such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and strokes, tumors and their vascularity, neurodegenerative conditions.

Technetium-99m Bicisate / Neurolite Brain

Technetium-99m Bicisate / Neurolite Brain Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -?post-injection Method of Localization -? -lipophilic compound that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier due to its chemical properties.

IV 30 to 60 minutes Passive diffusion/Simple Exchange

kidney imaging; assess renal perfusion; estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). -Evaluating renal perfusion and identifying abnormalities. -Providing information in preoperative assessments for kidney surgery.

Technetium-99m Pentetate / DTPA Renal

Technetium-99m Pentetate / DTPA Renal Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -usually around ? post-injection Method of Localization -?

IV 10-20 minutes Perfusion

Skeletal imaging agents used to demonstrate areas of hyper- or hypo Osteogenesis and/or osseous blood flow; -Areas of increased uptake (hot spots) indicate areas of increased metabolic activity, which may suggest pathology such as tumors or infections. 2. Cardiac Imaging -cardiac agent as an adjunct in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. -Increased uptake in the myocardium can indicate areas of damage

Technetium-99m Pyrophosphate

Technetium-99m Pyrophosphate Bone/ Cardiac Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? bone imaging; ?. myocardial imaging Method of Localization -

IV 1-6 hrs. 2-4 hrs PASSIVE DIFFUSION/SIMPLE EXCHANGE

Blood pool imaging including cardiac first-pass and gated equilibrium imaging and detection of sites of gastrointestinal bleeding. -Heat-damaged RBCs are used for diagnosis identify conditions such as splenic trauma, splenomegaly, or other splenic disorders..

Technetium-99m RBCs

Technetium-99m RBCs Cardiac/ Gastrointestinal/Spleen Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -? Method of Localization -?

IV None Compartmental Localization and leakage/Cell Sequestration

Diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and infarct. -Also used for tumor imaging and thyroid suppression imaging.

Technetium-99m Sestamibi / Cardiolite Cardiac/Thyroid

Technetium-99m Sestamibi / Cardiolite Cardiac/Thyroid Method of Administration - Delay before Imaging - Method of Localization - -Accumulates in viable myocardium in a manner analogous to Tl-201 chloride.

IV 30-60 min perfusion/antibody-antigen complexation/active transport

For thyroid imaging; salivary gland imaging, placental localization, detection of vesicouretheral reflux; radionuclide angiography/ venography.

Technetium-99m Sodium pertechnetate Thyroid

Technetium-99m Sodium pertechnetate Thyroid Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -~? Method of Localization -? -Pertechnetate ion distribute similarly to the iodide ion; it is trapped but not organified by the thyroid gland

IV 0.5-1 hour. Active transport

Relative functional assessment of liver, spleen, bone marrow, RE system; also used for gastroesophageal reflux imaging; esophageal transit time after oral administration. -Patency evaluation of peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt, administered is shunt.

Technetium-99m Sulfur colloid

Technetium-99m Sulfur colloid Liver Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -~? Method of Localization -?

IV 20min Phagocytosis

Useful in the delineation of regions of reversible myocardial ischemia in the presence or absence of infarcted myocardium.

Technetium-99m Tetrofosmin / Myoview Cardiac

Technetium-99m Tetrofosmin / Myoview Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -?stress, ? rest Method of Localization -?

IV 15 min 30 min Perfusion

images allow for assessment of myocardial perfusion. -Normal myocardial tissue will show consistent uptake, while areas with reduced Perfusion (due to ischemia or infarction) will appear as "cold spots" (areas of reduced or absent uptake). -Diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). -Evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.

Thallium-201 Thallous chloride Cardiac

Thallium-201 Thallous chloride Cardiac Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -Injected at rest or maximal stress. Image ~? mins. post-injection. -Redistribution image ~?hr after stress image. Method of Localization -? -Accumulates in viable myocardium, analogous to potassium.

IV 15-30mins 4hr -Active Transport

Pulmonary function. -Regions with good gas uptake indicate normal ventilation, while areas with little to no uptake suggest obstructive conditions, such as pulmonary embolism, COPD, or other lung diseases.

Xenon-133 Xenon gas

Xenon-133 Xenon gas Lungs Ventilation James A. Almajar, RRT, MHPEd Method of Administration -? Delay before Imaging -conducted in? to observe the distribution of the gas in real-time or in static mode after the distribution has stabilized. Method of Localization -? -Xenon does not chemically react with tissues; instead, it diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lungs. -Inhalation; Xe-133 freely exchange between blood and tissue;

INH dynamic mode Diffusion

SPECT Flashcards

(140 cards)