An exaggeration of the normal curvature of the thoracic spine. Anything above 40 degrees.
Hyperkyphosis
What are the causes of Hyperkyphosis?
- Poor posture
- Metabolic diseases
- Emotional factors
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Paralysis
- Rickets
- Osteoporosis
Manifestations of Hyperkyphosis. Except:
- May be asymptomatic
- Mild back pain
- Insomia
- Fatigue
- Decreased mobility
- Difficulty breathing
- Arms hanging forward to the trunk and forward head position
Except: 3
The following are treatment of Hyperkyphosis. True or False:
- Physical therapy
- Strengthening and stretching program
- Treat the cause
- Surgery or braces
- Position for comfort and pay attention to contraindications of underlying disorders
True
An exaggerated curve of the lumbar spine that can lead to degeneration of spinal joints and discs.
Hyperlordosis
What are the causes of hyperlordosis?
- Postural compensation in obesity or pregnancy
- Muscle imbalances
- Metabolic diseases
- Spondylolisthesis
Symptoms of Hyperlordosis. Except:
- May be asymptomatic
- Low back pain
- Difficulty of breathing
- Protruding abdomen or arched lower back
Except: 3
What are the treatment of hyperlordosis?
Treatment
- Depends on cause
- Weight loss or delivery of baby
- Exercises and stretching
- Braces or medication
A lateral deviation of the spinal column that may or may not include rotation or deformity of the vertebrae.
Scoliosis
True regarding Scoliosis. Except:
- Estimates suggest 500,000 persons in U.S. have scoliosis
- Most commonly seen during adolescence
- Idiopathic cause represents 80% of cases [probably multifactorial]
- Excessive intake of Vitamin C noted as common cause of scoliosis
- The other 20% represent over 50 different causes from polio, congenital deformity, or cerebral palsy
- Classified as structural or postural
- Can be congenital or caused by neural or muscular diseases
Except: 4
What are the manifestations of Scoliosis?
- Deformity
- High shoulder, rib humping or projecting scapula
- Usually painless but pain or shortness of breath may occur
- Curve may progress
What are the treatment of Scoliosis?
- Brace
- Surgery
- Physical therapy
A failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones to unite during embryonic development. Usually treated with orthodontics and surgery. Excellent prognosis.
Cleft Palate
A structural defect in a vertebra that leads to its weakness and impaired weight-bearing capacity
L5 affected 90% of the time.10% affect lower cervical or other lumbar vertebra. Can be unilateral or bilateral.
Spondylosis
Who are commonly affected with Spondylosis?
- Occurs in 2-6% of the population and caused by hereditary factors, repeated stresses, or idiopathic.
- Usually diagnosed at 15 yrs old
Anterior movement of the vertebrae on the sacrum.
Spondylolisthesis
Symptoms of Spondylosis.
- Often asymptomatic
- Back pain and stiffness that may be worse with exercise or movement
The following are treatment of Spondylosis. Except:
- Medication for pain or inflammation
- Avoid activities or modify
- Surgery or orthoses
- Physical therapy
- Heterogenous Grafting
Except: 5
Softening and breakdown of the cartilage that lines the underside of the kneecap.
Chondromalacia patella
The following are causes of Chondromalacia patella. Except:
- The kneecap is in an abnormal position [Q angle]
- There is shortening of the muscles on the front and back of your thigh
- Extra stress on the kneecap (such as running, jumping or twisting, skiing, or playing soccer)
- You have flat feet or arthritis
Except: 2
tightness or weakness not shortening
What are the diagnostic procedure of Chondromalacia patella?
- Physical examination.
- When you flex your knee, you may feel a grinding sensation below the kneecap [crepitus]. Pressing the kneecap when the knee is straightening out may be painful
- X-rays
The following are treatment of Patellofemoral Syndrome. Except:
- Physical therapy for stretches and strengthening as well as pain relief
- May require braces or orthotics
- Medications to relieve pain or inflammation [or natural alternatives]
- Gain weight
- Exercise appropriately or modify activities
- Arthroscopic surgery
Except: 4
