Spine

Question 1

What are the 4 extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 1

• trapezius
• levator scapulae
• rhomboids
• latissimus dorsi

Question 2

What do the extrinsic muscles all connect to?

Answer 2

Pectoral girdle

Question 3

What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 3

erector spinae

Question 4

What are the 3 erector spinae muscles?

Answer 4

• iliocostalis
• longissimus
• spinalis

Question 5

What do the 3 erector spinae muscles attach to inferiorly?

Answer 5

common tendon attaches to sacrum and iliac crest

Question 6

What do the 3 erector spinae muscles attach to superiorly?

Answer 6

either a :

• rib (iliocostalis)
• transverse process of vertebra and also mastoid process of skull (longissimus)
• spinous process of vertebra (spinalis)

Question 7

What are the deep intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 7

transversospinalis

Question 8

What are all transversospinalis muscles located between in the spine?

Answer 8

within grooves between transverse and spinous processes

Question 9

What are the four attachments transversospinalis muscles can have?

Answer 9

can be attached between:

• vertebra and skull
• vertebra and rib
• vertebra to another vertebra
• sacrum to vertebra

Question 10

All back muscles are supplied by posterior rami branches segmentally. True/false?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Erector spinae contraction causes what movement of the spine?

Answer 11

Lateral flexion

Question 12

How many sacral vertebrae are fused to form 1 sacrum?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

How many coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form 1 coccyx?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

What are the primary curvatures of the spine?

Answer 14

• thoracic kyphosis

- sacral kyphosis

Question 15

What are the secondary curvatures of the spine? Why are these significant?

Answer 15

• cervical lordosis
• lumbar lordosis
• adapted to change since fetus

Question 16

At what spinal levels are intervertebral discs not found?

Answer 16

• C1-C2

- sacrum/coccyx

Question 17

What spinal joints are synovial thus can be affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 17

Facet joints

Question 18

In intervertebral discs, nucleus pulposus makes up the inner ring and annulus fibrosus makes up the outer ring. True/false?

Answer 18

False - other way around

Question 19

What are the 5 main ligaments of the vertebral column?

Answer 19

• ligamentum flavum
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• anterior longitudinal ligament
• supraspinous ligament
• interspinous ligament

Question 20

Which vertebral ligaments prevent over-extension and which prevent over-flexion of spine?

Answer 20

• posterior longitudinal prevents over-flexion

- anterior longitudinal prevents over-extension

Question 21

Which longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column is narrower and weaker?

Answer 21

Posterior

Question 22

What parts of the spinous processes do the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments connect respectively and which is stronger?

Answer 22

• supraspinous connects tips of spinous processes
• interspinous connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent ones
• supraspinous stronger