1
Q
Ventral roots contain only which type of nerve fibres?
A
Efferent/motor
2
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?
A
31 pairs
3
Q
Each individual axon is surrounded by a…
A
Endoneurium
4
Q
Each nerve fascicle is surrounded by a…
A
Perineurium
5
Q
The entire nerve is surrounded by a …
A
Epineurium
6
Q
Spinal nerves leave the spinal cord via …
A
Intervertebral foramina
7
Q
What spinal level is conus medullaris?
A
L2
8
Q
What do we call it when only the spinal roots are travelling through the vertebrae and not the spinal cord?
A
Cauda equina
9
Q
C1 - C7 exit …. the corresponding vertebrae
A
Above
10
Q
Where does C8 exit?
A
Between vertebrae C7 and T1
11
Q
T1-L5 exit … the corresponding vertebrae
A
Below
12
Q
Define the spinal nerve root of an injury
A
The lowest level of full sensation and function
13
Q
Dorsal roots contain only which kind of nerve fibres?
A
Afferent/sensory
14
Q
How many vertebrae do we have?
A
33
15
Q
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
A
7
16
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
A
12
17
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
A
5
18
Q
How many sacral vertebrae do we have?
A
5
19
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae do we have?
A
4
20
Q
How many discrete single vertebrae do we have?
A
24
21
Q
How many fused vertebrae do we have?
A
9
2 structures
22
Q
What is the vertebral lamina?
A
The part of the vertebra that connects the transverse process to the spinous process
23
Q
What is the vertebral pedicle?
A
The part of the vertebra that connects the transverse process to the vertebral body
24
Q
Which ligament strengthens the intervertebral foramina?
A
Ligamentum flavum
25
What does the interlocking design of the vertebrae prevent?
Anterior displacement
26
What is the functional and structural classification of the vertebral joints?
Amphiarthrosis
| Cartilaginous (symphysis)
27
What are the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus made of?
Collagen
28
What are the inner lamellae of the annulus fibrosus made of?
Fibrocartilage
29
Name some features of the annulus fibrosus
```
Avascular
Aneural
Surrounds nucleus pulposus
Shock absorber
Stronger than the vertebral body
```
30
Which part of the spine changes in size throughout the day?
Nucleus pulposus
31
What are the stages of a slipped disc?
Disc degeneration
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestration
32
Where does a slipped disc most commonly occur?
L4/5
| L5/S1
33
Which direction does disc usually herniate in?
Posterolaterally
34
Why is a posterior herniation an emergency?
may cause spinal cord compression
35
Pressure on nerve roots leads to radiculopathy. What is radiculopathy?
Dermatomal sensory symptoms: paraesthesia and pain
| Myotomal motor weakness
36
Pressure on the spinal cord leads of myelopathy? What is myelopathy?
Global weakness
Gait dysfunction
Loss of balance
Loss of bladder and bowel control
37
What defines the cervical vertebrae?
Smallest of discrete vertebrae
Bifid spinous processes (except C7)
Transverse foramen in transverse process (foramen transversarium)
Triangular vertebral foramen
38
What travels through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae? (Except C7)
Vertebral artery and vein
39
What does the C7 transverse foramen transmit?
Accessory vertebral vein
40
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas
41
What joints does the atlas make?
Atlanto-occipital
| Atlanto-axial
42
Which joint permits nodding? (Flexion and extension)
Atlanto-occipital joint
43
Which joint permits shaking the head? (Lateral rotation)
Atlanto-axial
44
What makes the atlas vertebra different ?
No vertebral body
No spinous process
Widest cervical vertebra
45
What do we call the second cervical vertebra?
Axis
46
What are the 3 main features of the axis?
Odontoid process (or Dens)
Rugged lateral mass
Large spinous process
47
Which structures prevent horizontal displacement of the atlas on the axis?
```
Odontoid process (or Dens)
Transverse ligament
```
48
What are the 2 types of axis fracture?
Hangman's fracture
| Peg fracture
49
Describe a Hangman's fracture
Hyperextension of the head on neck
Axis fractures through pedicles
Forward displacement of C1 and body of C2 on C3
Significant spinal cord injury
50
Describe a peg fracture
Blow to the back of the head
| Fracture through the Dens
51
What do we call a fracture of the atlas?
Jefferson's fracture
52
Describe a Jefferson's fracture
Fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas
Caused by axial load (diving into shallow water)
Typically causes pain but no neurological signs
53
Which spinous process is the longest?
C7
54
How does whiplash occur?
Cervical spine has a high mobility and low stability
| Hyperextension and hyperflexion can occur and causes temporary contusion to the spinal cord
55
Which facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of the rib?
```
Demi facets on sides of vertebral body (T2-T8)
Whole facets (T9-T10)
```
56
Which facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercle of the rib?
Costal facets on transverse processes
57
What structures does the sacrum articulate with?
L5
Ilium
Coccyx
58
Which parts of the spine would be classed as lordosis?
Cervical
| Lumbar
59
What parts of the spine would be classed as kyphosis?
Thoracic
Sacral
Coccyx
60
Describe the spine of a foetus
Flexed in a single curvature - primary curvature
C-shaped
Kyphosis (concave anteriorly)
61
When does the cervical spine begin to lordosis?
When the young child begins to lift its head
62
When does the lumbar spine lose primary kyphosis?
During crawling
63
When does the lumbar lordosis develop?
When the child begins to stand and walk
64
Where does the centre of gravity pass through the vertebral column?
C1-C2
C7-T1
T12-L1
L5-S1
65
What is senile kyphosis?
Secondary curvatures of the spine begin to disappear
| Continuous primary curvature reestablished
66
What is Scheuermann's disease?
Uneven vertebral growth
Leads to increased kyphosis (usually thoracic)
Posterior border of spine longer than anterior border
67
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
| May be cosmetic, can lead to prominence of ribs and/or scapula and uneven 'apparent' arm and leg length
68
What 3 types of scoliosis can occur?
Primary (congenital)
Idiopathic
Secondary to a neuromuscular disease
69
What is kyphoscoliosis?
Pathological kyphosis and scoliosis combined
Asymmetric weakening of paraspinal muscles
Leads to: reduced lung capacity, pulmonary hypertension and spinal cord compression
70
Which 2 diseases are likely to lead to kyphoscoliosis?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
| Spinal muscular atrophy
71
What are the 2 main ligaments of the vertebral column?
Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal
72
What ligaments is stronger: anterior longitudinal or posterior longitudinal?
The anterior longitudinal ligament is stronger
73
Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?
Anterior tubercle of atlas to sacrum
74
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Hyperextension
75
Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?
Body of axis to sacral canal
76
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Hyperflexion
77
Describe the ligamentum flavum
Between laminae of adjacent vertebrae (help form the intervertebral foramina)
Elastic fibres
Stretched during flexion
78
Describe interspinous ligaments
Unite spinous processes of adjacent to vertebrae
Sheets of fibrous tissue
Relatively weak
Well developed in lumbar region to confer stability in flexion
79
Describe the supraspinous ligament
```
Joins the tips of adjacent spinous vertebrae
Strong bands of fibrous tissue
Lax in extension
Tight in flexion
Starts at C7
```
80
What do we call the ligament that attaches the external occipital protruberance to the cervical vertebrae?
Ligamentum nuchae
81
What is the role of the ligamentum nuchae?
Maintains secondary curvature of cervical spine
Supports the head
Major site of attachment for neck and trunk muscles
82
What are the sites for lumbar puncture?
L2/3
L3/4
L4/5
(After the conus medullaris)
83
Where do we take spinal fluid from?
Subarachnoid space
84
What happens to annulus fibrosus as you age?
Gets thinner posteriorly
Musculoskeletal System
flashcards
Decks in class (26)
# Cards
-
Anatomico-Medical Terminology14
-
Brachial Plexus And Axilla34
-
Muscles Of Upper Arm And Shoulder57
-
Muscles Of Thorax And Back18
-
Bones and Joints of Upper Limb50
-
Anterior Forearm49
-
Posterior Forearm41
-
Embryology21
-
Pathology51
-
Bones and Joints42
-
Bones And Joints Of Lower Limb59
-
Gluteal and Pelvic Region46
-
Hand49
-
Spine84
-
Lumbosacral Plexus29
-
Anterior Thigh33
-
Medial Thigh19
-
Posterior Leg54
-
Posterior Thigh27
-
Anterior Leg28
-
Lateral Leg11
-
Intrinsic Muscles Of The Foot62
-
Common Fractures24
-
Dermatomes And Myotomes15
-
Circulation In The Limbs37
-
Ankle And Foot24
