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Spirts Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Define of Scotch Whisky ?

A
  • Scotch whisky is whisky made in Scotland, aged at least 3 years in oak casks, and distilled from water and malted barley (sometimes other grains). It’s protected by law—only whisky meeting these rules can be called Scotch.
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2
Q

Main types of Whisky ?

A
  • Single Malt – From one distillery, made only from malted barley (e.g., Glenfiddich, Lagavulin)
  • Single Grain – One distillery, includes other grains
  • Blended Malt – Mix of single malts
  • Blended Grain – Mix of single grains
  • Blended Scotch – Mix of malt + grain (e.g., Johnnie Walker, Chivas)
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3
Q

List Regions & typical flavors ?

A
  • Speyside – Fruity, sweet, honeyed (most distilleries)
  • Islay – Peaty, smoky, maritime
  • Highlands – Broad range; from light to robust
  • Lowlands – Light, grassy, gentle
  • Campbeltown – Oily, briny, slightly smoky
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4
Q

Explain Irish whiskey & how it’s made ?

A
  • Irish whiskey is whiskey produced on the island of Ireland, known for its generally smooth, approachable style. Like Scotch, it’s legally protected with defined production rules.
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5
Q

Explain legal basic of Irish Whiskey ?

A
  • Be made and matured in Ireland
  • Be distilled to under 94.8% ABV
  • Be aged at least 3 years in wooden casks (usually oak)
  • Be bottled at minimum 40% ABV
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6
Q

List main style of Irish Whiskey ?

A
  • Single Pot Still (uniquely Irish): Made from malted + unmalted barley
  • Single Malt
  • Single Grain
  • Blended Irish Whiskey
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7
Q

Explain Bourbon production ?

A
  • Mash bill: ≥ 51% corn
  • Aging: New, charred oak barrels (mandatory)
  • Flavor: Sweet, vanilla, caramel, oak
  • ABV rules: Distilled ≤ 80%, entered into barrel ≤ 62.5%
  • Examples: Maker’s Mark, Buffalo Trace, Woodford Reserve
  • If it says “Straight Bourbon”: aged ≥ 2 years, no additives.
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8
Q

Explain Rye Whiskey production ?

A
  • Mash bill: ≥ 51% rye
  • Barrels: New, charred oak
  • Flavor: Spicy, peppery, dry, herbal
  • Examples: Bulleit Rye, Rittenhouse, Sazerac Rye
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9
Q

Explain Corn Whiskey production ?

A
  • Mash bill: ≥ 80% corn
    Aging:
    Either unaged or
    Aged in used or uncharred barrels
    -Flavor: Very sweet, grain-forward
    -Examples: Mellow Corn
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10
Q

Explain Tennessee Whiskey production ?

A
  • Legally a bourbon, plus one extra step

Mash bill: Same as bourbon (≥ 51% corn)

Extra process: Lincoln County Process

Filtered through sugar-maple charcoal before aging

Flavor: Extra smooth, mellow

Examples: Jack Daniel’s, George Dickel

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11
Q

Explain Wheat Whiskey production ?

A
  • Mash bill: ≥ 51% wheat

Barrels: New, charred oak

Flavor: Soft, bready, gentle sweetness

Examples: Bernheim Original

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11
Q

Explain Malt Whiskey (American) production ?

A
  • Mash bill: ≥ 51% malted barley

Barrels: New, charred oak

Flavor: Toasty, nutty, chocolate, cereal

Examples: Westland American Malt, Stranahan’s

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12
Q

Explain American Single Malt Whiskey production ?

A
  • Newest official category (recognized 2023)

100% malted barley

One distillery

Made in the USA

Aged in oak barrels (can be new or used)

Flavor: Between Scotch malt & bourbon styles

Examples: Westland, Balcones, Westward

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13
Q

Grapes of Cognac ?

A
  • Mainly Ugni Blanc (high acidity, low alcohol → ideal for distillation)

Also Folle Blanche, Colombard (minor roles

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14
Q

Destilation of Cognac ?

A

Double-distilled in traditional copper Charentais pot stills

Results in clear spirit (eau-de-vie) around 70% ABV

Cut selection (heads/hearts/tails) strongly affects finesse

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15
Q

List regions of Cognac ?

A
  • Grande Champagne – Most elegant, floral, longest ageing
    Petite Champagne – Similar but slightly less intense
  • Borderies – Nutty, violet, round; matures faster
  • Fins Bois – Fruity, supple, earlier drinking
  • Bons Bois – Rustic, maritime notes
  • Bois Ordinaires – Rare in fine blends
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16
Q

What does Fine Champagne Cognac mean ?

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A
  • Blend of Grande + Petite Champagne, with ≥50% Grande.
17
Q

List types of Barrels ?

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A
  • Limousin oak: coarse grain → tannin, spice
  • Tronçais oak: fine grain → elegance, vanilla
18
Q

Aging requirement of Cognac ?

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A
  • VS – ≥ 2 years
  • VSOP – ≥ 4 years
  • XO – ≥ 10 years (since 2018)
  • XXO – ≥ 14 years
19
Q

List AOC of Calvados ?

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A
  • Calvados AOC (largest)

Any approved apple varieties

Usually single distillation

Fruity, accessible style

  • Calvados Pays d’Auge AOC

Double distillation in copper pot stills

Often considered the most refined and complex

Rich, elegant, excellent ageing potential

  • Calvados Domfrontais AOC

Minimum 30% pears (often much more)

Single distillation

20
Q

Aginig requirement of Calvados ?

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A
  • Fine / Trois Étoiles – ≥ 2 years
  • Vieux / Réserve – ≥ 3 years
  • VSOP / Vieille Réserve – ≥ 4 years
  • XO / Extra / Hors d’Âge – ≥ 6 years
    (Many XO Calvados are aged 10–20+ years)
21
Q

List grpaes of Armagnanac ?

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A
  • Ugni Blanc – acidity, structure
  • Baco 22A – richness, prune, spice (unique to Armagnac)
  • Folle Blanche – floral, finesse
  • Colombard – fruit, freshness
22
Q

List subzones of Armagnac ?

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A

Bas-Armagnac – sandy soils, most elegant, plum & vanilla

Ténarèze – more powerful, spicy, long ageing

Haut-Armagnac – lighter, rarer today

23
Q

Aging requirement of Armagnac ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • (Age = youngest spirit in blend)

**VS / *** – ≥ 1 year

VSOP – ≥ 4 years

XO / Hors d’Âge – ≥ 10 years

24
Explain rules of Vintage Armagnac ?
- Distilled in one single year Aged in cask until bottling Shows year-specific character Much more common and affordable than vintage Cognac
25
What tequila is made from ?
Agave tequilana Weber azul (blue agave) Takes 6–10 years to mature The heart of the plant (piña) is cooked to convert starches into sugars
26
What does jimadores mean ?
- Jimadores (wymowa: hi-ma-DORES) to wykwalifikowani meksykańscy rolnicy, którzy ręcznie zbierają dojrzałe rośliny agawy (blue agave) na potrzeby produkcji tequili i mezcalu, używając tradycyjnego narzędzia zwanego coa (długie, spiczaste ostrze) do ścinania liści i wydobywania serca rośliny (piña), co jest pracą wymagającą wieloletniego doświadczenia i kluczową dla jakości tych alkoholi. Są uważani za "niekoronowanych bohaterów" przemysłu agawowego, symbolizujących tradycję, precyzję i głęboki związek z ziemią.
27
Explain method production of Tequlia ?
1. Harvesting Skilled harvesters (jimadores) cut mature agave Leaves removed, leaving the piña 2. Cooking Piñas are cooked to release fermentable sugars: Stone ovens (hornos) – traditional, slow, sweeter flavors Autoclaves – faster, clean profile Diffusers – industrial, higher yield (often less character) 3. Crushing & juice extraction Cooked agave crushed (roller mills or tahona stone) Sugary juice extracted 4. Fermentation Yeast converts sugars to alcohol Produces a low-strength agave “beer” 5. Distillation Usually double distilled Copper pot stills or stainless stills Results in clear tequila around 55–60% ABV 6. Ageing (optional) Aged in oak barrels depending on style
28
List Types of tequila (by agave content) ?
- 100% Agave Tequila Made only from blue agave sugars Bottled in Mexico Higher quality, purer agave flavor - Mixto Tequila Minimum 51% agave sugars Remaining sugars from other sources Often harsher, usually for cocktails - Always look for “100% de agave” on the label.
29
List Tequila ageing categories ?
Blanco (Silver/Plata) Unaged or aged < 2 months Pure agave, pepper, citrus Reposado Aged 2–12 months Balanced agave + oak Añejo Aged 1–3 years Vanilla, caramel, spice Extra Añejo Aged 3+ years Deep, rich, sippable Joven (Gold) Blanco + aged tequila or colored mixto
30
List style of Gin ?
- London Dry Gin Must be redistilled with botanicals No flavouring after distillation Very clean, juniper-forward Distilled Gin Redistilled with botanicals Small flavour additions allowed after Plymouth Gin Geographic style (Plymouth, England) Earthy, smooth Old Tom Gin Slightly sweetened Historical style, often for cocktails Contemporary / New Western Juniper present but less dominant Focus on local or unusual botanicals
31
List Rum by raw material ?
- Rhum Agricole Made from fresh sugarcane juice Mostly Martinique & French Caribbean Grassy, vegetal, earthy Often AOC-regulated Examples: Clément, Rhum J.M. - Molasses-based Rum Made from molasses (sugar refining by-product) Most common worldwide Richer, sweeter base flavors Examples: Bacardi, Appleton Estate, Mount Gay
32
List Rum by colour & ageing ?
- White / Light Rum - Gold / Amber Rum: ligth ageing - Dark Rum - Black Rum
33
List Rum by production & style ?
- English-style Rum: Pot still or pot-heavy blends - Spanish-style Rum: Column still - French-style Rum: Rhum agricole or molasses(called vesou)
34
List Rum by strength & treatment ?
- Navy Rum: 54–57% ABV - Overproof Rum: Bottled above 57% ABV - Spiced Rum: Rum infused with spices (vanilla, cinnamon, clove)
35
List Rum by ageing statement ?
- Aged Rum - Solera Rum
36
What does Tahona mean ?
- Stone wheel (traditional)
37
How they’re produced (both) Grappa ?
- Pomace collection – fresh pomace preserves aroma Fermentation – remaining sugars ferment (if not already) Distillation – usually in copper pot stills (some column use) Resting / ageing – bottled young or aged in oak Bottling – typically 40–45% ABV
38
What does mean Pastis ?
- Pastis is a classic French anise-flavoured aperitif, strongly associated with southern France, especially Marseille and Provence. It’s refreshing, aromatic, and traditionally enjoyed diluted with cold water.
39
What does Akvavit / Aquavit mean ?
- Traditional spirit of Denmark, Norway, Sweden Name means “water of life” (Latin aqua vitae)
40
What does Rakı (Turkey) mean ?
- Turkey’s national spirit An anise-flavoured spirit, often called “lion’s milk” Protected as a traditional Turkish product`
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