Project success factors
Delivering value
Managing relationships
Managing risks
Early involvement and continuous alignment of stakeholders
Stakeholder definition
Person or institution who:
- can be impacted by project outcome
- can impact the project
Basic attributes to map stakeholders (Salient model) and their descriptions.
Power: relationship among actors
-Actor A can get Actor B to do something that B wouldn’t do otherwise, despite resistance.
Legitimacy: socially constructed system of norms, values and beliefs
- Entity actions are desirable, proper or appropriate
- Not just rules, but also a generalized perception
- Without power, can’t cause impact
Urgency: time-sensitive nature of a relationship
- Call for immediate action/attention
- Criticality comes from claim or relationship importance
- Does nothing alone
“Power authority comes from legitimacy and gains exercise through urgency.”
They are all transitory, socially constructed (not objective), and consciousness and willful exercise may or may not be present.
Stakeholders classes on the salient model
Latent: one attribute
- passive stance
- can become dangerous if acquire one more
Expectant: two attributes
-expect something
Definitive stakeholder: three attributes
-Highest priority
If possess no attribute:
- non-stakeholder
- potential stakeholder
Stakeholders typologies on the salient model
Dormant (Power): competitors, don’t forget, most important attribute
Discretionary (Legitimacy): NGO, may help or bother the company
Demanding (Urgency): Lone complainers, if grouped, can gain power
Dominant (P+L): Strong institutions, “main stakeholders of the firm”
Dependent (L+U): Environmental disasters victims. Depend on other stakeholder to get attention
Dangerous (P+U): Wildcat strike, terrorism, coercive power
Definitive (P+L+U): Salient, highest priority
Non stakeholder
What are network structures? What is its importance?
Track pattern of relationship, links between stakeholders and focal organization
Understand the communication flow
(bonus) snowball technique to build comprehensive networks
Network density definition and consequences of high density
Ratio of the number of existing relationships with the total possible number
- Complete network, density 1
- Losing one link has huge impact
Higher density
- Requires good communication
- Facilitates coalition
- Higher power of stakeholders over FO
Network centrality
Aggregated distance to all actors, individual measure
Network configuration dimensions and firm strategies
Density and Centrality (high or low)
Centrality
High Low Density High Compromiser Subordinate
Low Commander Solitarian
