Stallions

Question 1

When would you perform BSE:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 1

1. Routine Pre-season
2. Pre-sale
3. Investigation of a problem

Question 2

BSE Aspects:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 2

1. History and ID
2. PE
3. Collect to ejaculates an hour apart, proxy for daily sperm output. Calculate motility and morphology of second ejaculate.
4. Any special tests

Question 3

BSE: History and ID:

1. ID to look for:
2. History to examine:

Answer 3

1. Tattoo, brand, color, markings, photos

2. General health and breeding history

Question 4

General PE:

1. 2.
   3.
   4.

Answer 4

1. Body condition
2. Musculoskeletal system
3. Inherited defects
4. Lab tests

Question 5

Repro tract PE:

External genitalia: examine:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 5

1. Scrotum and testes
2. TSW
3. Testicular dimension
4. Testicular volume

Question 6

Semen Collections
Artificial Vagina options:

1.
2.
3.
etc

Answer 6

1. Missouri
2. Nishikawa
3. CSU

Question 7

When to use Ground collection for semen?

Answer 7

If they have muscuoloskeletal disorders or if it’s more conveninent

Question 8

Chemical Ejaculation methods:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 8

1. Adrenergic response
2. Norepinephrine
3. Imipramine
4. Xylazine

Question 9

Aspects of Semen Evaluated:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer 9

1. Volume (via gel or filtration)
2. Color and consistency
3. Sperm concentration
4. pH
5. Sperm motility
6. Sperm morphology

Question 10

Stallion semen characteristics:

1. Volume?
2. Sperm concentration?
3. Total sperm?

Answer 10

1. 50 mL
2. 120x10^6/mL
3. 5-15x10^9

Question 11

Stallion semen characteristics:

1. Motility?
2. Morphology?

Answer 11

1. > 60%

2. >60%

Question 12

Additional tests you can perform on semen:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 12

1. Seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase
2. Electron microscopy
3. DNA stability = sperm chromatin structure assay
4. Hormone assay

Question 13

Daily sperm output is affected by:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 13

1. Season
2. Testicular size
3. Age
4. Sexual behavior

Question 14

Second ejaculate averages what percent of the first?

Answer 14

55%

Question 15

Shuttle stallions:

1. Best not to expose to _____-
2. Fertility (is/is not) affected?
3. High live foal rates with….

Answer 15

1. artifical short of long days
2. is not
3. largest mare books

Question 16

1. Testicular Volume (TV) =

2. Daily sperm output (DSO) =

Answer 16

1. .5233 x Width x Height x Length (cm)
2. .024 x TV - 1

Question 17

Age has what affect on sperm output

1.
2.

Answer 17

1. increased testicular size

2. increased epididymal sperm reserves

Question 18

increased requency of ejaculation has what affect on daily sperm output:

1. reaction time?
2. mounts/ejaculate?

Answer 18

1. Delayed reaction time

2. Increased mounts per ejaculate

Question 19

Increased frequency of ejaculation has what affect on:

1. motility?
2. pH?

Answer 19

1. Increased motility

2. more alkaline

Question 20

Motility and sperm choice for AI:

1. Fresh semen?
2. Cooled semen?
3. Frozen semen?

Answer 20

1. 500 million progressively motile
2. 1 billion
3. 800 mil to 1 bil, but 240 mil minimum at thawing

Question 21

Categories of abnormal ejaculates:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 21

1. Pyospermia
2. Hemospermia
3. Urospermia

Question 22

Pyospermia:

1. Presence of ___ and __-
2. Subclassification?
3. Causes may be anywhere from __, __, ___, ___

Answer 22

1. Pus (WBC) and debris
2. Leukospermia (leukocytes in ejaculate)
3. skin, urethra, bladder, upper repro tract.

Question 23

How to diagnose pyospermia?

Answer 23

culture semen, urethra before and after ejaculation

Question 24

Fractionate semen:

1. Presperm is from..
2. Sperm rich (~first three jets) is from
3. Sperm poor is from…
4. Gel fraction is from..

Answer 24

1. Bulbourethral glands, urethra
2. Epidiymis, ampullae (testes)
3. Prostate and vesicular glands
4. Vesicular glands

Question 25

Hemospermia: 1. Diagnosis?

Answer 25

1. Try to identify source. Is it in erect vs flaccid penis? Examine fractionate ejaculate

Question 26

Urospermia: 1. Explain how it can be caused be emission?

Answer 26

1. Thoracolumbar reflex arc: Contraction of smooth muscles of ductus deferens and accessory glands as well as bladder trigone (a-adrenergic sympathetic fibers f

Question 27

Urospermia: 1. Explain how it can be caused by ejaculation?

Answer 27

1. Sacral reflex

Question 28

Causes of Urospermia: ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 28

1. Cauda equina neuritis 2. EHV-1 3. HPP 4. Cystitis or urolithiasis 5. Fractures , osteomyelitis, neoplasia 6. Idiopathic

Question 29

Urospermia affects what aspects of sperm? 1. 2. 3. Usually an (intermittent/constant) effect?

Answer 29

1. pH 2. Osmolality 3. intermittent

Question 30

Urospermia Tx: ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ``` 6. Prognosis?

Answer 30

1. Completely empty bladder before ejaculation 2. Furosemide to dilute any urine contamination 3. Bladder lavage 4. Dilute raw semen immediately 5. A-adrenergics like imiprimine or pheynlpropanolamine 6. poor

Question 31

Retrograde ejaculation is (rare/common)?

Answer 31

rare

Question 32

Cryptochidism: 1. Normal testicular descent occurs when? 2. What is the name for the evagination of peritoneum into scrotum?

Answer 32

1. during last 30 days in utero or first 10 days after birth | 2. vaginal process

Question 33

Cryptorcidism: Gubernaculum is made up of: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 33

.1. Proper ligament of testis 2. Caudal ligament of epididymis 3. Scrotal ligament

Question 34

Cryptorcidism: 1. __-__% of male foals affected

Answer 34

5-8%

Question 35

Ways to diagnose Cryptorchidism ``` 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

Answer 35

1. Rectal exam 2. U/S 3. Resting Testosterone conc. 4. hCG/GnRH stimulation 5. Basal estrone sulfate 6. AMH

Question 36

Testicular Trauma: 1. a common etiology? 2. Tx focuses on _____. How to accomplish?

Answer 36

1. kick by mare 2. Rapid resolution of inflam. NSAIDs, ice, hydrotherapy, sling, hand walking

Question 37

Infectious orchitis: 1. Caused by ___, ____, ___- Tx: 2. Two medical options? 3. Surgical option?

Answer 37

1. Trauma, hematogenous spread, peritonitis 2. Antimicrobial therapy, supportive therapy 3. Unilateral orchiectomy

Question 38

Testicular Neoplasia: 1. (rare/common?) 2. 4 main different kinds they can get?

Answer 38

1. Uncommon | 2. Teratoma, Seminoma, Interstitial cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor

Question 39

Testicular neoplasia: 1. Most common one in young horses? 2. Most common one in older males? 3. Rarest one?

Answer 39

1. Teratoma 2. Seminoma 3. Sertoli Cell tumor

Question 40

Testicular Degeneration: 1. D/T? 2. Clinical sign? 3. Definitive dx? 4. Tx?

Answer 40

1. Acquired atrophy of seminiferous tubules 2. Elevated testicular temp 3. Definitive diagnosis by biopsy 4. none

Question 41

Hydrocele (vaginocele) 1. Definition? 2. Typicially extension from ___ 3. Most common etiology? 4. Diagnose via ___ or ___

Answer 41

1. Serous fluid between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic 2. Ascites 3. Idiopathic 4. Palpation and U/S

Question 42

Hydrocele tx options: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 42

1. Spontaneous resolution 2. Move to cooler environment 3. Exercise 4. Sclerotherapy used in men, not reported in horses

Question 43

Variocele: 1. Def? 2. D/T: 3. Dx via...

Answer 43

1. Dilation of vessels of pampiniform plexus 2. Incompetent testicular vein 3. Palpation, U/S, Doppler

Question 44

Spermatic cord / Testicular torsion: 1. Usually within ____ 2. What gets torsed? 3. Typical clinical presentation? 4. Tx for severe cases?

Answer 44

1. Within vaginal tunic 2. Long proper ligament of testis, or epididymal ligament 3. Subclinical, ejaculate quality may be affected 4. surgical removal