Statistical Principles

Question 1

What is ‘x’

Answer 1

The numerical value of an observation

Question 2

what is ‘n’

Answer 2

Number of sampling units in a sample

Question 3

what is ‘x bar’

Answer 3

sample mean

Question 4

what is ‘s’

Answer 4

sample standard deviation

Question 5

what is ‘P’

Answer 5

probability

Question 6

what is ‘H0’

Answer 6

null hypothesis

Question 7

what is ‘H1’

Answer 7

alternative to a null hypothesis

Question 8

what does ‘Descriptive Statistics’ do?

Answer 8

• Organise
• Summarise
• Simplify
• Describe and present data

Question 9

what does ‘Inferential Statistics’ do?

Answer 9

• Generalise from samples to populations
• Hypothesis testing
• Make predictions

Question 10

what is the lowest level of information?

Answer 10

Nominal

Question 11

what is the 3rd best level of information?

Answer 11

Ordinal

Question 12

what is the 2nd best level of information?

Answer 12

Interval

Question 13

what is the highest level of information?

Answer 13

Ratio

Question 14

what is nominal level data?

Answer 14

• Classification
• Does no more than identify categories (names/classification)
• Team position/ Ethnicity/ Marital status
• Categories are mutually exclusive
• The name of a category can be substituted by a number but it is simply a label with no numeric meaning

Question 15

What is ordinal level data?

Answer 15

• Order
• Can still be classified but can also now be rank ordered
• The distance between ranks, it has no meaning
• Ranks can’t be manipulated mathematically

Question 16

What is interval level data?

Answer 16

*Distance

• The distance between units has meaning, e.g. the distance between 70-80 is the same as 30-40
• But a value of zero does not indicate an absolute zero, meaning ratios don’t make any sense
• Score on IQ test of 40, is not 2 40’s.

Question 17

What is ratio level data?

Answer 17

• Natural Origin
• Characteristics of all the other but now has a natural origin (includes an absolute zero)
• Age, weight, height
• Anything you can construct a meaningful fraction (or ratio)

Question 18

What level of measurement is VO2max (ml.kg.min-1)?

Answer 18

Ratio

Question 19

What level of measurement is Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE: scale 1-20)

Answer 19

Ordinal or interval

Question 20

What level of measurement is Energy intake (calories)

Answer 20

Ratio

Question 21

What level of measurement is Body Mass Index (kg.m-2)

Answer 21

Ratio

Question 22

What level of measurement is Weight classification (healthy weight, obese)

Answer 22

Ordinal

Question 23

What level of measurement is Profile of Mood States (POMS: scale 1-7)

Answer 23

Ordinal or interval

Question 24

What level of measurement is Blood group

Answer 24

Nominal

Question 25

what is 'S2'

Answer 25

sample variance

Question 26

what is 'N'?

Answer 26

Number of sampling units in a population

Question 27

what is capital sigma (backwards E thing)?

Answer 27

the sum of

Question 28

what is 'mu' (the cross between a q and u)?

Answer 28

population mean

Question 29

what is sigma (an o with a cap)?

Answer 29

population standard deviation

Question 30

what is sigma squared (an o with a cap with a 2)?

Answer 30

population variance

Question 31

What is the mean?

Answer 31

The mean is the average or norm

Question 32

Whats is the median?

Answer 32

The median is the middle value

Question 33

What is the mode?

Answer 33

The mode is the most frequent value

Question 34

What is the range?

Answer 34

The range is the difference between the lowest and the highest value

Question 35

What is variation from the mean?

Answer 35

x - xbar e.g. if the x value is 79 and xbar is 69.65 the variation from the mean is 9.35