Appropriate statistical test to use for RCT of blood pressure measurements between two groups
Student T Test (comparison of continuous numerical data between two groups)
Sensitivity
The proportion of true positives correctly identified by a test
The perinatal mortality rate is defined as perinatal deaths per _______.
1000 births (live AND still)
This includes all stillbirths and early neonatal deaths.
What is the most common cause of perinatal deaths?
Congenital anomaly (31.4%)
This statistic highlights the leading cause of perinatal mortality.
What is the most commonly classified cause of neonatal deaths?
Spontaneous preterm birth (32.7%)
This indicates a significant risk factor for neonatal mortality.
What does an odds ratio (OR) of 1 indicate?
Exposure does not affect odds of outcome
OR > 1 indicates higher odds, OR < 1 indicates lower odds.
A confidence interval is expressed as a range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of _______.
confidence
A 95% confidence interval means there is a 5% chance the population mean lies outside the interval.
True or false: A confidence interval is the same as a p value or statistical significance.
FALSE
Confidence intervals provide a range of values, while p values indicate statistical significance.
What is the interquartile range (IQR)?
The difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles
IQR describes the middle 50% of observations and is not affected by outliers.
Which of the following measures is most likely to remain approximately the same in different populations?
A) Absolute risk reduction
B) Cost-benefit analysis
C) Number needed to treat
D) Relative risk reduction
E) Risk-benefit analysis
D) Relative risk reduction
Relative risk reduction remains consistent across populations, while other measures may vary.
What type of error occurs when a null hypothesis that is actually false is not rejected?
Type II error
This is also known as a false-negative.
What type of error occurs when a null hypothesis that is actually true is rejected?
Type I error
This is also known as a false-positive.
What type of sample is created when a registrar selects 40 patients randomly from subgroups of asthma severity?
Stratified random sample
This method ensures representation from each subgroup.
Which randomisation method is best for a small population?
Block randomisation
It helps maintain equal group sizes in randomized controlled trials.
What is the best way to reduce sampling error in a study?
Increase the sample size
Larger samples yield results closer to the actual population.
What is the major objective of a phase III clinical trial?
To determine the efficacy of an experimental therapy
It compares new treatments against standard therapies.
What is Selection bias?
Systematic differences between groups
Reduced by randomisation of study participants.
What is Performance Bias?
Systematic differences during the study
Reduced by blinding participants and personnel administering the intervention.
What is Attrition bias?
Dropout of participants before or during treatment
Analyses should include all randomized participants.
What is Ascertainment Bias?
Thinking shaped by prior expectations
Includes stereotyping and gender bias.
What is Outcome Bias?
Convincing oneself that desired outcomes are true
Affected by counter transference.
What is Aggregate Bias?
Belief that aggregate data applies to individual patients
Also known as ecological fallacy.
What is Anchoring Bias?
Settling on a single diagnosis prematurely
Leads to premature closure.
What are Order Effects?
Information transfer occurs as a U-shaped function
We remember information from the beginning and end of encounters.
