1
Q
Define the Environment (IOS 14001)?
A
The “surroundings in which an organisation operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation”
(ISO 14001).
2
Q
Define Overpopulation?
A
The condition of being populated with excessively large numbers.
3
Q
What is Sustainable development?
A
The idea of sustainable development was first used in the World Conservation
Strategy (IUCN, 1980). This first formulation was ecological in orientation and was far
less concerned with economic development. The approach was criticised for being
anti-developmental and for addressing symptoms rather than causes of
environmental degradation.
4
Q
What is a Environmental Management Systems (EMS)?
A
Plan - Do - Check - Act
Plan:
Environmental aspects
Legal and other requirements
Objectives, targets, and programs
Do: Resources, responsibilities, and authority Competence, training, and awareness Communication Documentation Control of documents Operational control Emergency preparedness and response
Check: Monitor and measure Evaluate compliance Nonconformity, corrective and preventive action Control of records Internal audits
Act:
Management review
ISO 14001 audit
5
Q
When setting objectives and targets it is important to remember the following?
A
Think SMART.
Objectives must be:
1: Specific
2: Measurable
3: Attainable
4: Realistic (and have a)
5: Timeframe
6
Q
To have an effective emergency preparedness programme the following are important to consider?
A
- Procedures to assess the impact of the incident need to be put in place.
- Employees should be trained to make judgements and act accordingly.
- Effective communication can play a pivotal role in handling an emergency situation.
- Emergency procedures should be tested where practical, and appropriate measures put in place if existing ones are deemed ineffective.
- Emergency procedures should be reviewed periodically.
7
Q
What are the critical characteristics of Environmental Monitoring?
A
Continual improvement demands that environmental performance is measured, monitored and evaluated.
Procedures to monitor and measure key characteristics of an organisation’s operations and activities must be established and maintained. These should be in line with the objectives and targets.
8
Q
Define Pollution?
A
Pollution can be described as any change in the environment caused by substances, noise, odours, dust, heat and radioactive or other waves emitted from any activity.
The change must have a negative effect on human health or well-being, the natural environment, ecosystems or on resources either now or in the future.
9
Q
Define Waste(Environmental)?
A
- Waste is the undesirable or superfluous remains of an activity or process.
- All human activity together with the infrastructure and systems that govern the functioning of such activity is embedded in and bounded by its environment.
- The environment is the ultimate receptacle for waste products. Increased waste volumes or risks put pressure on the environment as it
must absorb and assimilate such waste.
10
Q
Explain ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)?
A
- An environmental impact assessment is an administrative or regulatory process by which the environmental impact of a project is determined.
- The first stage of an EIA is usually the undertaking of a screening exercise.
11
Q
The Coronavirus is an example of an HBA? (True or False)
A
True
12
Q
What are the various ways a risk assessor can identify hazards in the workplace?
A
- Brainstorming
- Reviewing all input data
- Conducting a physical assessment
- Interviewing operators
13
Q
How many point or sections should a SDS (Substance Data Sheet) have in accordance to internal standards?
A
16 Sections/points
14
Q
Define Medical Surveillance?
A
A planned medical programme with periodic examinations, which may include clinical examinations, biological monitoring, and/or medical testing of employees.
15
Q
What is the background colour of a symbolic Safety Signs?
A
- Red: Red is reserved for danger signs and labels. This color signifies a hazardous situation, alerts people they need to stop, or mark off restricted areas. OSHA says red will be the basic color for identifying fire protection equipment and apparatus.
- Orange: Used to alert people the fact there is dangerous parts of a machine or equipment. Most commonly used with labels that are placed directly on the machinery, but is also used for wall signs, specifically warning signs.
- Yellow: Yellow signs are used anywhere that caution needs to be used, specifically physical hazards. This includes risks of tripping, falling, getting burned, being caught in a pinch point, experiencing hearing damage, and almost any other common hazard that may be present.
Green: Green is safety related and means there is no danger present. This color is commonly used for first aid signs or signs indicating exits.
Blue: Provides information about a particular item or area. This information doesn’t necessarily have to be safety related, such as property policies. Blue signs are also used for signs depicting mandatory actions by the employee and notice signs.
Magenta & Yellow: These signs using magenta text on a yellow background is used for radioactive materials or equipment that produces radiation.
Black & White: Used for guiding traffic or telling people which direction to go. Could also be used for housekeeping information in the facility. While not specifically safety related, having this type of signage can directly improve the safety of the facility.
15
Q
What is the background colour of a symbolic Safety Signs?
A
- Red: Red is reserved for danger signs and labels. This color signifies a hazardous situation, alerts people they need to stop, or mark off restricted areas. OSHA says red will be the basic color for identifying fire protection equipment and apparatus.
- Orange: Used to alert people the fact there is dangerous parts of a machine or equipment. Most commonly used with labels that are placed directly on the machinery, but is also used for wall signs, specifically warning signs.
- Yellow: Yellow signs are used anywhere that caution needs to be used, specifically physical hazards. This includes risks of tripping, falling, getting burned, being caught in a pinch point, experiencing hearing damage, and almost any other common hazard that may be present.
Green: Green is safety related and means there is no danger present. This color is commonly used for first aid signs or signs indicating exits.
Blue: Provides information about a particular item or area. This information doesn’t necessarily have to be safety related, such as property policies. Blue signs are also used for signs depicting mandatory actions by the employee and notice signs.
Magenta & Yellow: These signs using magenta text on a yellow background is used for radioactive materials or equipment that produces radiation.
Black & White: Used for guiding traffic or telling people which direction to go. Could also be used for housekeeping information in the facility. While not specifically safety related, having this type of signage can directly improve the safety of the facility.
15
Q
What is the background colour of a symbolic Safety Signs?
A
- Red: Red is reserved for danger signs and labels. This color signifies a hazardous situation, alerts people they need to stop, or mark off restricted areas. OSHA says red will be the basic color for identifying fire protection equipment and apparatus.
- Orange: Used to alert people the fact there is dangerous parts of a machine or equipment. Most commonly used with labels that are placed directly on the machinery, but is also used for wall signs, specifically warning signs.
- Yellow: Yellow signs are used anywhere that caution needs to be used, specifically physical hazards. This includes risks of tripping, falling, getting burned, being caught in a pinch point, experiencing hearing damage, and almost any other common hazard that may be present.
Green: Green is safety related and means there is no danger present. This color is commonly used for first aid signs or signs indicating exits.
Blue: Provides information about a particular item or area. This information doesn’t necessarily have to be safety related, such as property policies. Blue signs are also used for signs depicting mandatory actions by the employee and notice signs.
Magenta & Yellow: These signs using magenta text on a yellow background is used for radioactive materials or equipment that produces radiation.
Black & White: Used for guiding traffic or telling people which direction to go. Could also be used for housekeeping information in the facility. While not specifically safety related, having this type of signage can directly improve the safety of the facility.
15
Q
What is the background colour of a symbolic Safety Signage?
A
Red - Dangerous
Yellow - Warning
Blue- Mandatory
Green - Emergency escape / First-aid sign.
16
Q
Give 10 examples of Acute Health Effects?
A
Bronchitis Contact Dermatitis Ebola Eye Infection Influenza Legionnaires diseases Lung infections Meningitis Mental Fatigue Syndrome Migraine Peripheral Neuropathy Salmonella poisoning Stress disorders Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) Ulcer
17
Q
Give 10 examples of Cronic Health Effects?
A
Asbestotitus Asma Cancer COPD diabetes Emphysema Epilepsy Heart Disease HIV/AIDS Hypertension Mesothelioma Multiple Sclerosis Paralysis Permanent Hearing Loss (NIHL) Psychological Disorders Tuberculosis Chronic Bronchitis
18
Q
Conducting a HIRA is seen to be a systematic process. Place the HIRA steps in the correct order?
A
- Planning
- Identifying hazards
- Analysing risks
- Evaluating risks
- Controlling risks
(PIAEC)
19
Q
Provide the correct legal citation as per the OHS Act and Regulations for Symbolic Safety Signs?
A
GSR 2B
20
Q
What is the hierarchy of order of HSE documents?
A
- Policy
- Procedures
- Work Instruction
- Records/Forms
21
Q
Liability is?
A
The state of being legally responsible for a certain act or omission.
22
The earth’s environment can be divided into two categories?
- All living things (the biological environment)
| - All non-living things (the physical environment)
23
What are the three different types of environmental resources?
* Renewable resources: This is a resource that can be relatively easily replaced (renewed) by natural processes, for example, timber (by planting trees sustainably) or solar energy (due to a plentiful, never-ending source of solar radiation from the sun).
* Non-renewable resources: This is a resource that cannot be considered viably replaceable by natural processes, for example, oil, coal and gold.
* Potentially renewable resources: Plantation pine trees, grass and other forms of vegetation can regrow if used in a sustainable way.
24
Define Pollution?
Pollution is the presence of any substance, emission, product or by-product of industrialisation that causes or has the potential to cause fouling, contamination or destruction of ground, air or water resources.
25
What are the pollution pathways into the environment?
* Point sources (specific sources), e.g. chimney stacks, industrial vents
* Non-point sources (diffuse sources), e.g. mobile vehicles
* Fugitive sources, e.g. leaking pipe or outlet
26
Give four examples of environmental aspects and explain what is meant by Environmental aspect?
- Emissions into the atmosphere
- Excessive consumption of water
- Leaking petrol from a pump
- Creation of hazardous waste
An environmental aspect is defined in ISO 14001 2015 as an element of an organization’s activities, products or services that may impact, or does impact, the environment. An environmental impact is a result of an environmental aspect.
27
What does an HSE management system need to include?
```
Plan
Do
Check
Act
(PDCA)
```
28
What is meant by corporate standards?
Procedures
29
Name one of the HSE policy attributes?
The policy is signed and dated by the HSE manager
| There is an statement of intent
30
When conducting a risk assessment, it is important to conduct the assessment under normal day-to-day conditions only. (True or False?)
False
31
Name four injuries on duty that should be immediately reported to the relevant authorities?
Unconsciousness
Any loss of a limb or part thereof
Machinery out of control
Diagnoses of an occupational diseases by a doctor
32
An example of a bottom-tier document in relation to the hierarchy would be a hot works permit? (True or False)
True
33
Name the Format of an Act?
* Short title (a)
* Assented to date by the State President (b)
* Date of Commencement (c) (this is often a different date to the date of assent by the State President)
* Long title]. (d)
* Preamble – you can see an example of a Preamble in your copy of NEMA
* Sections of the act (e) (NB: The word ‘Act’ in law should be written with a capital ‘A’ as a mark of their importance as a body of law – it thus also differentiates it from the word ‘act’ which is a verb).
* Definitions
* Regulations (where applicable)
* Annexures (where applicable)
* Standards (where applicable)
34
How does one correctly write a legal reference (Citation?)
The correct way of referring to a section of an act (for example, s24(1)(c)(i)), is as follows:
• Refer to the number of the section – 24
• This is followed by the subsection – (1)
• Next comes the paragraph – (c)
• Finally, provide the subparagraph – (i)
35
What are the expectations of an adequate risk assessment process?
```
• systematic
• rigorous
• structured
• repeatable
• consultative
• defensible
• auditable
(SRSRCDA)
```
36
What is a Task Observation?
A Task observation is when one person observes another person carrying out a task according to a (written) work procedure.
Planned task observation is a means that can be used to observe tasks, practices and conditions in a systematic way. The best way to see whether a person can do his/her task correctly is to observe him/her while he/she is doing it.
37
What are the benefits of a Task Observation?
* Reduce injuries and illness
* Reduce damage
* Reduce waste
* Improve productivity
* Employees will feel that the employer cares about them, and this results in higher morale, motivation and improved performance.
38
What are the HSE-related incidents should be reported immediately or as soon as possible to the relevant authority?
* Unconsciousness
* Any loss of a limb or part thereof
* Death or likelihood of death arising from an occupational disease or injury
* If a person is expected to be away from work, or on ‘light duty’ for more than 14 days
* Uncontrolled release of a substance under pressure
* Machine that runs out of control
* Machinery or any part thereof fractured or failed resulting in flying, falling or uncontrolled moving objects
* Diagnosis of an occupational disease by a medical practitioner
* Diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) by a medical practitioner
* Any incident on a major hazardous installation (MHI) site that could pose a threat to the public or beyond the site’s parameters
* A dangerous substance was spilled
* A significant pollution event that may result in water pollution or detriment to a watercourse
* A significant pollution event that may result in air pollution in excess of permitted limits
* A significant discharge that could result in significant soil/ground pollution
* Any pollution or other event that poses a significant threat to ecosystems and/or biodiversity
39
What are the steps to a Planned Job Observation (PJO)?
Critical task analysis
• Step 1 – Inventory of occupations
• Step 2 – Inventory of tasks within each occupation
• Step 3 – Identify critical tasks
• Step 4 – Analyze critical tasks:
* Break tasks down into steps, Pinpoint loss exposures,
Conduct an efficiency check, Develop controls and Safe
operating/working procedures
• Step 5 – Write safe work procedures/safe operating procedures/working instructions
Planned task/job observations
• Step 6 – Implement the safe work procedures and do planned task/job observations
• Step 7 – Update and maintain records
40
What is Process mapping?
Process mapping is a technique used by risk assessors to identify potential hazards in each step of the process. Inputs and outputs
41
What are the three top causes of incidents in the workplace?
* unsafe acts – the human factor – 88%
* unsafe conditions – the engineering factor – 10%
* acts of nature – the inevitable/uncontrollable – 2%
42
What are the Stabilising factors of incident prevention?
• Identify possible causes of incidents
• Set standards of practice and procedures
• Set standards of responsibility and accountability
• Measure performance against standards
• Evaluate compliance with standards
• Correct deficiencies and deviations
(ISSMEC)
43
Give 5 examples of a Health Hazard?
* HCA fumes
* Noise from machinery
* Radiation from X-rays
* Incorrect body posture during repetitive tasks
* Dusty conditions in a mill
44
Give 5 examples of a Safety Hazard?
* An open manhole
* A slippery walkway
* An unguarded cutting machine
* A frayed electrical cord
* Sharp edges on a blade
* Sparks from welding
45
in According to ISO 14001: 2015, an environmental ASPECT is defined as?
An ‘element of an organisation’s activities or products or services that interacts or can interact with the environment.’
46
Examples of environmental aspects include?
* emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere
* ineffective waste water management
* consumption of water in processes
* creation of hazardous waste during manufacturing processes
* carbon dioxide emissions from company vehicles
* leaking petrol from a disused petrol pump.
47
Define RISK in accordance with regards to the ISO and OSH Act?
* The OHS Act defines risk as ‘the probability that injury or damage will occur’.
* The ISO 45001:2018’s definition of risk is a ‘combination of the likelihood of occurrence of a work-related hazardous event(s) or exposure(s) and the severity of injury and ill health that can be caused by the event(s) or exposure(s)’
48
Define Hazard in accordance with regards to the ISO and OSH Act?
* The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 85 of 1993 defines a hazard as ‘a source of or exposure to danger’.
* According to ISO 45001:2018, a hazard is defined as ‘sources with the potential to cause harm or hazardous situations, or circumstances with the potential for exposure leading to injury and ill health.’
* The NOSA definition follows the ISO 45001:2018 definition on the principle of ‘potential’, namely, ‘A source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill health at the workplace and/or in the environment and community'
49
What are the first four steps in a critical task analysis?
* Inventory of occupations
* Inventory of tasks within each occupation
* Identify critical tasks
* Analyse critical tasks
50
The implementation of an HSE management system starts with?
Top management
51
The implementation of an HSE management system starts with?
Top management
52
When citing legislation what comes after the paragraph?
Subparagraph
53
When citing legislation what comes after the paragraph?
Subparagraph
54
When citing legislation what comes after the paragraph?
Subparagraph
55
When describing Exposure as the condition whereby?
An employee is subjected to a factor which could have a harmful effect on their health and the degree thereof.
56
An organisation employs 212 full-time employees. How many health and safety representatives should the company have as a legal minimum?
5 (1 for every 50 employees)
57
Name the 5 health stressors and give an example of each?
* Physical - Loud noise
* Psychosocial - Victimization
* Ergonomic - Poorly designed tools
* Biological - Covid 19
* Chemical - Petrol fumes
58
What are the 3 categories of Risk Assessments?
* Baseline Risk Assessment
* Issue-based Risk Assessment
* Continuous Risk Assessment
59
Give the steps required when implementing an HSE management system with one example?
Plan - Conducting risk assessments
Do - Emergency planning and response
Check - Conducting audits
Act - Management Review
60
Give 4 practical work examples of safe work procedures?
- The safe operation of a welding machine
- The safe storage of hazardous chemical substances
- The correct disposal of hazardous waste from the site
- The correct maintenance of lifting gear
61
Give an example of the correct way legislation is written? (OHSA)
s24(1)(c)(I)
62
Define vicarious liability?
One can be held liable for another’s act or omission.
63
Give 3 examples of the implementation process of an HSE management system?
* Developing, displaying and communicating a HSE management system
* Conducting risk assessments
* Setting HSE targets and objectives
64
Give 4 examples of safety consequential risks?
Broken bones
Cuts
Arc eye
Drowning
65
Give 4 examples of health hazards?
Noise from machinery
Radiation from x rays
Incorrect body posture
HCS Fumes
66
Ergonomics is also known as human factor engineering and includes?
Work design
Work environment
Machine and equipment design
Vibration
67
What does Occupational Hygiene include?
Occupational medicine
68
Environmental liability can be?
Inherited, but not transferred.
69
Hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA) is the process conducted by an organisation through which anticipated HSE risks are?
```
• identified
• assessed/evaluated
• prioritised
• controlled
• reviewed
• further re-assessed and controlled
(HIRA = IAPCRF)
```
70
ISO 45001 defines risk assessment as follows?
‘A process to assess OH&S risks from the identified hazards, while taking into account the effectiveness of existing controls’.
71
Define Impact in accordance with ISO 14001: 2015 with regards to the environment?
‘any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s environmental aspects.’
72
Explain the steps of a Risk Assessment as a Formal Process? HIRA
```
Plan
Identify Hazard
Analyze Risk
Evaluate Risk
Control Risk
```
73
What does HIRA stand for?
Hazardous Identification Risk Assessment
74
Steps of a Management system?
```
D - Discipline
I - Integration
F - Focus
R - Repeatable
F - Functional
S - Structured
```
75
What does the acronym ARC stand for with regards to a risk management system?
A - Risk Assessment
R - Risk Rating
C - Risk Control
76
What are the 5 c's of Organising?
```
Communication
Competence
Consultation
Control
Cooperation
```
77
What does IOA stand for with regards to creating an H&S Policy?
I - Intent (Who)
O - Organisation (What)
A - arrangement (How)
78
What does a Safety Management system consist of?
```
P - Policy
O - Organising
P - Planning And Implement
M - Measure Performance
A - Audit
R - Review Performance
```
79
What is covered under GSR2?
PPE
80
What is covered under GSR 13A?
Ladders
81
What do the 4 R's stand for with regards to a good waste management system?
R - Reduce
R - Re-Use
R - Recover
R - Recycle
82
What does ARC refer to in a Risk Management system?
A - Risk Assessment
R - Risk Rating
C - Risk Control
83
What does ACOP stand for?
Approved Code Of Practice
84
What is the R368 relating to?
Regulation surrounding Food
85
What are the 5-tier of a Waste Management Hierarchy?
```
E - Eliminate
M - Minimise
R - Re-use/Recover
T - Treat
D - Dispose
```
85
What are the 5-tier of a Waste Management Hierarchy?
```
E - Eliminate
M - Minimise
R - Re-use/Recover
T - Treat
D - Dispose
(EMRTD)
```
86
What are the 6-tier of a Waste Management Hierarchy?
```
P - Prevent
M - Minimise
R - Re-use
R - Recycle
E - Energy recovery
D - Dispose
(PMRRED)
```
86
What are the 6-tier of a Waste Management Hierarchy?
```
P - Prevent
M - Minimise
R - Re-use
R - Recycle
E - Energy recovery
D - Dispose
```
87
Explain the Residual Risk Calculation?
```
E - Eliminate
S - Substitute
E - Engineering Controls
A - Administrative Controls
P - PPE
```
88
What are the documentation hierarchy from most important to less important in order?
P - Policy
P - Procedures
W - Work Instructions
R - Records/Forms
88
What are the documentation hierarchy from most important to less important in order?
```
P - Policy
P - Procedures
W - Work Instructions
R - Records/Forms
(PPWR)
```
89
Define SWP?
Safe Work Procedure
90
Define SWMS?
Safe Work Method Statement
91
Define SOP?
Safe Operating Procedures
92
Define SSOW?
Safe Systems of Work
93
The earth is made up of the following what dimensions?
ATMOSPHERE: the thin layer of air around the planet
HYDROSPHERE: the earth’s liquid water, ice and water vapour
LITHOSPHERE: the earth’s crust and upper mantle
BIOSPHERE: the portion of the earth in which living organisms exist and interact with
one another
94
An environmental management system (EMS) can be seen as?
“the part of the overall management system that includes organisational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy” (ISO 14 001).
95
When setting objectives and targets it is important to remember the following?
* Think SMART (objectives must be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and have a Timeframe);
* They will need to be reviewed and updated as the programme progresses and as regulations and economic considerations change; and
* They must not be static but part of an ongoing process of improvement.
96
To have an effective emergency preparedness programme the following are important to consider?
1. Procedures to assess the impact of the incident need to be put in place.
2. Employees should be trained to make judgements and act accordingly.
3. Effective communication can play a pivotal role in handling an emergency situation.
4. Emergency procedures should be tested where practical, and appropriate measures put in place if existing ones are deemed ineffective.
5. Emergency procedures should be reviewed periodically.
97
What is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?
An environmental impact assessment is the administrative or regulatory process by which the environmental impact of a project is determined.
98
Steps to conduct an Environmental Impact Analysis?
Screening
Scope
Impact analysis
99
What does an EIA monitoring plan consist of?
A check that actions are in accord with conditions of approval;
A check that mitigation measures are being implemented;
A check of the efficacy of the measures;
Emission monitoring; and
Monitoring of selected variables.
100
Define Hazard in accordance to IOS or ISH Act?
- A source of or exposure to danger.
- A sources with the potential to cause harm or hazardous situations, or circumstances with the potential for exposure leading to injury and ill health.
101
Define risk in accordance to ISO and the OSH Act?
The likelihood of injury or Ill health
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