VN06/9 > Sterilisation > Flashcards

Sterilisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacterial spores (endospores)

A

dormant version of bacteria

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2
Q

How long can bacterial spores last

A

Many years

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3
Q

What can bacterial spores survive

A

Heat, drying out, ultraviolet radiation, chemical exposure, pH changes.

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4
Q

What methods can destroy bacterial spores

A

Autoclaving, repeated steaming, dry heat oven

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5
Q

Minimum autoclave setting for destroying bacterial spores

A

121 °C at 15psi for at least 15 minutes

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6
Q

Minimum dry heat oven setting for destroying bacterial spores

A

160 °C for at least 2 hours

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7
Q

Sterilisation

A

The removal or destruction of all living micro-organisms including bacterial spores

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8
Q

Name types of sterilisation…

A

Moist heat (steam)
Dry heat
Chemical - gas
Chemical - liquid
Radiation

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9
Q

Disinfection

A

the removal or destruction of living micro-organisms but not necessarily all pathogens or bacterial spores

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10
Q

disinfectant

A

an agent that is applied to a surface and destroys micro-organisms

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11
Q

antisepsis

A

removal or destruction of micro-organisms, but not necessarily bacterial spores, on living tissue or skin. (skin disinfection)

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12
Q

a surgical scrub is an example of ….

A

antisepsis

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13
Q

asepsis

A

being completely free of pathogenic micro-organisms including spores.

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14
Q

how is asepsis achieved

A

sterilisation

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15
Q

sepsis

A

presence of pathogens in blood or tissue of the patient. often reffered to as infection

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16
Q

surgical site infection

A

infection that has taken place after a surgery in the area that the surgery took place

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17
Q

cheapest instrument material?

A

chromium plated carbon steel instruments

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18
Q

what will cause chromium plated steel instruments to rust, pit, and blister

A

contact with low pH and saline chemicals

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19
Q

pros of stainless steel instruments

A

high resistance to corrosion and great strength

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20
Q

what are stainless steel instruments made from

A

a combination of metals, iron, chromium carbon, and nickel

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21
Q

passivation

A

process stainless steel instruments go through where the instruments are bathed in nitric acid to remove foreign materials that may have been embedded during manufacture

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22
Q

what is martensitic stainless steel used for

A

haemostats, needle holders, forceps, cutting edges of instruments, retractors, curettes, and osteotomes

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23
Q

how is martensitic stainless steel treated

A

heat treated to provide greater hardness

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24
Q

what is austenitic stainless steel used for

A

bowls, trays, speculae, screws and rivets

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25
role of tungsten carbide inserts
inserts on the tip of stainless steel instruments for cutting or gripping
26
are tungsten carbide inserts hardwearing and resistant to wear
yes
27
how to recognise tungsten carbide inserts
gold handles
28
most expensive material for instruments
titanium
29
pros of titanium instruments
- reduce glare reflected from the instruments when being used under a bright light - lightweight
30
describe instruments made from titanium
small sharp instruments e.g. for microsurgery or opthalmic surgery
31
how long should instruments be left to soak in enzymatic cleaner
10 minutes
32
why should soap not be used when cleaning instruments
will cause an insoluble alkaline layer trapping bacteria
33
vibration frequency of ultrasonic cleaners
in excess of 20,000 vibrations per second
34
cavitation
minute bubbles created by ultrasonic machines that implode on the instruments. energy is released and this breaks the bonds that hold debris on the surface of the instruments
35
what type of energy waves do ultrasonic cleaners use
sinusoidal energy waves
36
how long should instruments be in the ultrasonic machine
15 minutes
37
what can happen if blood is left on instruments for too long
pitting due to the protein
38
what kind of sterilisation machine can polypropylene boxes be used in
vacuum autoclaves
39
what would be packaged inside metal boxes
specialised instruments or orthopaedic implants
40
what type of sterilisation is an autoclave
moist heat
41
how does an autoclave work
steam is released into the chamber of the autoclave; air is removed from the chamber and the steam continues to be produced until the desired pressure is reached in the chamber
42
minimum autoclave temperature
121C
43
name the two types of autoclave
vertical or horizontal downward displacement autoclave vacuum assisted autoclave
44
how do vertical or horizontal downward displacement autoclaves work
air is displaced downwards by steam
45
disadvantage of vertical or horizontal downward displacement autoclave
may not dry intrument kits
46
how do vacuum assisted autoclaves work
have a vacuum pump that speeds up the air removal phase
47
which type of autoclave is suitable for packaged kits and instruments
vacuum assisted
48
holding time
time the equipment must be exposed to steam/heat to ensure effective sterilisation
49
autoclave optimum sterilisation factors of instruments at 15psi
121C, 15 mins
50
autoclave optimum sterilisation factors of instruments at 20 psi
126C, 10 mins
51
autoclave optimum sterilisation factors of instruments at 30 psi
134C, 3.5 mins
52
autoclave optimum sterilisation factors of cloths, drapes, and swabs
15psi, 121C, 30 mins
53
autoclave optimum sterilisation factors of rubber articles
15psi, 121C, 10 mins
54
disadvantage of autoclaves
overheating
55
how often should an autoclave be serviced
every 3 months
56
what is required yearly for autoclaves
thermocouple testing
57
how do hot air ovens sterilise
dry heat destroys cytoplasm
58
what must metal instruments be free from if going into a hot air oven
oil and grease
59
optimum sterilisation factors for glassware & needles in a hot air oven
180C, 60 mins
60
optimum sterilisation factors for powders and petroleum jelly in a hot air oven
160C, 120 mins
61
optimum sterilisation factors for sharp instruments in a hot air oven
150C, 180
62
what gas is used in chemical sterilisation
ethylene oxide (anprolene)
63
what is gas sterilisation and what is it used on
form of cold sterilisation, used on items that would not withstand heat
64
how does gas chemical sterilisation work
inactivating the DNA of cells to prevent cell reproduction
65
which material/items should not be sterilised by gas and why
- PVC, material may react - items that have been sterilised by gamma radiation, chemical reaction between gamma radiation and ethylene oxide that affects the patient
66
equipment suitable for EO sterilisation
- fibreoptic - plastics - bandages - anaesthetic tubing & breathing systems - battery operated drills & saws
67
what must equipment be free from in order for liquid sterilisation to be effective
debris and organic matter
68
name liquid sterilisation types
-aldehydes -reprochem/medistel
69
contact time for liquid sterilisation
30 mins
70
how long does radiation sterilisation take
can take several days
71
what is gamma radiation sterilisation used on
most disposables e.g., suture material, catheters, gloves, etc
72
how are syringes sterilised with radiation
infrared radiation
73
how to tell if a product has been sterilised with gamma radiation
red dot on packaging
74
what method of sterilisation are TST strips suitable for
autoclave
75
what method(s) of sterilisation are browne's tubes suitable for
autoclaving, hot air oven
76
spore tests can be used on which method of sterilisation
any
77
what method(s) of sterilisation is bowie-dick tape suitable for
autoclave, ethylene oxide
78
what method of sterilisation are ethylene oxide dosimeter strips suitable for
EO
79
what method(s) of sterilisation are exposure indicator stickers used for
EO
80
bowie-dick tape
81
Browne's tubes
82
Spore tests
83
explain the colour change of Browne's tubes during sterilisation
orange/brown --> green
84
describe the colour change of Bowie-Dick tape during sterilisation
beige coloured tape --> dark brown stripes
85
A steri-dot indicator disc changes colour after exposure to EO gas from….
Red to green
86
The wrapping material that can not be used with ethylene oxide is…
Nylon film
87
Which instruments cannot be put in the ultrasonic together
Titanium and stainless steel instruments
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