Strain

Question 1

Durkheim: Anomic Division of Labour

Answer 1

believed the division of labour would produce unhealthy interactions among people

Question 2

Anomie

Answer 2

without purpose or normlessness

Question 3

Durkheim Gives Two Different Meanings to Anomie:

Answer 3

1. an anomic division of labour
2. an anomic mental state of an individual

Question 4

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 4

• a state in which people “in the simplest socieites” are bonded due to their similarities
• society is organzied by high conformity (shared beliefs, norms; “us” vs “them” society)

Question 5

Organic Solidarity

Answer 5

characterizes modern, industrial societies, where high specialization and interdependence of diverse individuals create social unity

Question 6

Anomie is the…

Answer 6

natural result of the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity

Question 7

As the Division of Labour Grows Dramatically…

Answer 7

human greed and desire generate social problems

Question 8

Anomie Results…

Answer 8

when social institutions are unable to morally constrain human desires

Question 9

He Believed That Marx Had Reversed the Primary Causal Order

Answer 9

Durkheim: division of labour creates anomie → which results in class conflict

Marx: division of labour creates class conflict → which results in anomie

Question 10

Durkheim Belives Deviance

Answer 10

is caused by rapid social change and alienation

Question 11

Integration

Answer 11

how involved an individual is with their society

Question 12

Regulation

Answer 12

how strict norms/law is on the individual

Question 13

Durkheim: Suicide

Answer 13

• social groups impact the liklihood of someone enganging in suicide/suicidal behavioural
• social solidarity = integration and regulation (balance)

Question 14

Durkheim: Four Types of Suicide

Answer 14

1. Anomic
2. Egoistic
3. Altruistic
4. Fatalistic

Question 15

Anomic Suicide

Answer 15

• regulation too weak; results from a breakdown of social regulation or sudden, drastic change in society
• the lack of norms or rules leaves people without guidance

Question 16

Egoistic Suicide

Answer 16

• integration too weak; feeling detached, lonely, or like an outcast
• stems from a lack of social ties + meaninglessness

Question 17

Altruistic Suicide

Answer 17

• integration too strong; valuing the group’s needs over their own life
• the individual sacrifices themselves for a collective goal

Question 18

Fatalistic Suicide

Answer 18

• regulation too strong; occurs when an individual is over-regulated by oppressive rules
• leaving them with no sense of autonomy or freedom

Question 19

Conformity (+/+)

Answer 19

• acceptance of both cultural goals and institutionalized means
• the most common
• e.g., working hard to achieve success

Question 20

Innovation (+/-)

Answer 20

• acceptance of goals but rejection of legitimate means, often resulting in criminal behavior like theft or fraud to attain success
• most common deviant adaptation

Question 21

Ritualism (-/+)

Answer 21

reject the goals of society but continue to follow the prescribed means of achieving them

Question 22

Retreatism (-/-)

Answer 22

• rejection of both cultural goals and legitimate means, leading to withdrawal from society
• the least common adaptation
• e.g., addiction, homelessness

Question 23

Rebellion (+/- and +/-)

Answer 23

• rejection and replacement of both goals and means, seeking to create a new social structure
• e.g., revolutionaries

Question 24

Agnew: General Social Strain

Answer 24

when people are under stress (strain), their emotions sometimes lead them to engage in criminal acts

Question 25

Three Types of Strain

Answer 25

1. an inability to achieve positively valued goals 2. removal or threat to remove positively valued stimuli 3. to present a threat to one with noxious or negatively valued stimuli

Question 26

Female Responses to Strain

Answer 26

- concerned with maintaining close bonds/relationships, so they tend to tend to engage in fewer property + violent crime - experience more negative treatment and are more restricted in their behaviour - more likley to be self-destructive than violent

Question 27

Male Responses to Strain

Answer 27

- socialized to value material success, so they engage in property + violent crimes - have more conflict with peers, and are more likely to be victimized in criminal events

Question 28

In Terms of Exhibiting Strain, Females...

Answer 28

- are more likely to respond with anger and depression; anger is accompanied by fear, guilt, and shame - depression and anger may lead to self-destructive behaviours

Question 29

In Terms of Exhibiting Strain, Males...

Answer 29

- are more likely to respond with anger, followed by moral outrage - quick to blame others and less likely to be concerned with hurting others

Question 30

Problems With Merton's Strain Theory

Answer 30

1. Merton never really focused on corporate crime 2. do we have a unity of goals in North America? 3. critique of capitalism absent 4. few specifics as to appropriate punishments 5. ignored the importance of labelling and learning

Question 31

Conclusion: Durkheim

Answer 31

- believed that rapid social change produced deviant behaviour because people were relatively unregulated - argued that there existed anomic, egoistic, altrusitic, and fatalistic suicide

Question 32

Conclusion: Merton

Answer 32

- claimed that deviance was the result of social strain - it produced deviant innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

Question 33

Conclusion: Agnew

Answer 33

- maintained that the definition of strain needs to be expanded to include psychological strain - purported that strain is gendered