Stroke

Question 1

What are the two types of stoke and why are they caused?

Answer 1

1. Haemorrhagic - due to blood vessel rupture
2. Ischaemic - due to blood vessel blockage

Question 2

____________ is the most common cause for haemorrhagic stoke

Answer 2

Hypertension

Question 3

Ischaemic stoke can have three main causes, what are they?

Answer 3

1. Thrombotic - blockage arises from within the brain
2. Embolic - blockage arises from elsewhere
3. Hypoperfusion

Question 4

Thrombosis for due to Virchow’s triad - what is this?

Answer 4

It is composed of three factors which lead to thrombosis

1. Circulatory stasis
2. Hypercogulable state
3. Endothelial injury

Question 5

Atherosclerotic stoke can have two outcomes causing the stoke, what are they?

Answer 5

1. Vessel stenosis
2. Thrombosis

Ischaemia occurs eirther way

Question 6

What are the two different types of risk factors and give examples for each

Answer 6

1. Non modifiable

• Age
• FH
• Gender
• Race
• Previous stroke

2. Modifiable

• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidaemia
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Alcohol excess
• Diabetes

Question 7

What is the only way to differentiate between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 7

Brain imaging

Question 8

Where does an atheroembolism cause infarction?

Answer 8

The same side as the affected carotid artery

Question 9

Where does cardioembolism cause infarction?

Answer 9

More than one arterial territory (bilateral)

Question 10

Thrombolysis is a treatment for ________ stroke

Answer 10

Thrombolysis

Question 11

Which medications can be given to a patient with ischaemic stroke?

Answer 11

• Aspirin (75mg) + dipyridamole 200mg twice daily/clopidogrel (75mg) twice daily
• Statins
• Antihypertensives
• Anticoagulants

Question 12

Which surgical interventions may be utilised to treat a stroke?

Answer 12

• Haematoma evacuation
• Relief of raised intracranial pressure
• Carotid endarterectomy