PSYC 301 > Structural Anatomy > Flashcards

Structural Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroscience

A

study of nervous system

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2
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

study of the nervous system as it relates to behaviour

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3
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of how cognitive processes occur in the brain, often through the lens of academic research

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4
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of the brain in functional and dysfunctional states, often through a clinical lens

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5
Q

What two components make up the vertebrate nervous system?

A
  1. The peripheral nervous system
  2. The central nervous system
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6
Q

2 further branches of the PNS

1. Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • The somatic NS
  • The autonomic NS
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7
Q

The somatic nervous system (SNS) - interacts with…

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A

the external environment

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8
Q

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A
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9
Q

What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system (SNS) have?

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals IN from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, etc into the CNS
  • Efferent nerves: carry motor signals from the CNS OUT to the skeletal muscles

OVERALL:
* Afferent = arrive (bringing information in)
* Efferent = exit (putting information out)

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) - interacts with…

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A

the internal environment

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11
Q

What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system (SNS) have?

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals IN from the internal organs to the CNS
  2. Efferent nerves: carry motor signals OUT from the CNS to internal organs

OVERALL:
CNS <=> internal organs

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12
Q

The efferent nerves of the ANS are of two types:

  1. Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Sympathetic nerves, which mobilize energy in threatening situations (e.g., via adrenal glands)
  • Parasympathetic nerves, which act to conserve energy or “rest and digest” (e.g., stimulate gut motility)
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13
Q

The central nervous system is composed into what 2 parts?

A

The CNS is composed of two parts as well:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord (not talking about bones of spine)
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14
Q

inner H-shaped core of gray matter:

Spinal cord

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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15
Q

surrounding area of white matter:

Spinal cord

A

myelinated axons

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16
Q

A cluster of cell bodies is called a…

Basic terminology - CNS

A

…nucleus (plural: nuclei)

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17
Q

A bundle of axons is called a…

Basic terminology - CNS

A

…tract

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18
Q

A cluster of cell bodies is called a…

Basic terminology - PNS

A

…ganglion

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19
Q

A bundle of axons is called a…

Basic terminology - PNS

A

nerve

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20
Q

Axons are often called…

A

nerve fibres

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21
Q

Gray matter in the brain is composed of…

A

cell bodies + capillary blood vessels

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22
Q

White matter in the brain is composed of…

A

myelinated axons

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23
Q

DIRECTIONS IN THE NS:

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Caudal
  3. Ventral
  4. Rostral
  5. Anterior
  6. Posterior
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24
Q

Dorsal

(in a 4 legged specimen)

DIRECTIONS IN THE NS:

A
  • Towards the top
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25
Caudal | (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards back of head/tail
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Ventral | (in a 4 legged specimen)
towards bottom
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Rostral | (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards nose/front of head
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Anterior | (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards front
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Posterior | (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards back
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Directions in the NS - for humans: IN HEAD
1. Dorsal: top of head (superior) 2. Caudal: back of head 3. Ventral: bottom of head (inferior) 4. Rostral: front of head 5. Posterior: back of head 6. Anterior: front of head
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Rostral ## Footnote Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
Top of spinal cord (leading to brain)
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Dorsal ## Footnote Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
back of spinal cord
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Caudal ## Footnote Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
bottom of spinal cord
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Ventral ## Footnote Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
front of spinal cord
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From a coronal section of the brain:
lateral <= medial => lateral
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Section planes:
* Coronal: hamburger style * Sagittal: hot dog style * Horizontal
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Laterality: 4 types ## Footnote Laterality
1. Unilateral 2. Bilateral 3. Ipsilateral 4. Contralateral
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Unilateral ## Footnote Laterality
on one side only (only one purple square on hand)
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Bilateral ## Footnote Laterality
on both sides (purple box on each hand)
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Ipsilateral ## Footnote Laterality
on the same side (purple box on left hand and left foot)
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Contralateral ## Footnote Laterality
on opposite sides (purple box on left hand, and right foot)
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Divisions of the brain: 18-21 day old human embryo - 3 divisions
* Hindbrain * Midbrain * Forebrain
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Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures ## Footnote Divisions of the brain
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon
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Forebrain => | Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures ## Footnote Divisions of the brain
* Telencephalon * Diencephalon
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Midbrain | Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures ## Footnote Divisions of the brain
* Mesencephalon
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Hindbrain | Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures ## Footnote Divisions of the brain
* Metencephalon * Myelencephalon: composed largely of tracts (bundle of axons) carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body; HAS LOTS OF MYELIN
47
Metencephalon - made up of what 2 brain structures?
* Pons: houses many fibre tracts and part of reticular formation * Cerebellum: * 50% of all neurons in the brain! * Massively connected to cortex -- multiple cerebro- cerebellar systems * Involved in movement and timing
48
Mesencephalon (midbrain) - composed of:
the **tectum** (“roof”), which contains nuclei that receive and relay: * visual information (superior colliculi) * auditory information (inferior colliculi) the **tegmentum** (“floor”), which contains nuclei related to: * motor function (substantia nigra and red nucleus) * pain (periaqueductal grey)
48
Reticular formation
* midbrain, pons, medulla * Reticulum means “little net” * In the myel-, met- and mesencephalon (midbrain + hindbrain) * Many nuclei that play roles in arousal, attention, cardiac and respiratory reflexes, and other jobs
49
Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
1. Dejerine syndrome 2. Chiari malformation 3. Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
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Dejerine syndrome (bilateral medial medullary stroke) ## Footnote Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
* Respiratory failure * Paralysis of all four limbs * Tongue dysfunction
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Chiari malformation ## Footnote Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
Compression and distortion of cerebellum due to skull shape Symptoms * Headache * Neck pain * Coordination issues * Swallowing issues
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Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia ## Footnote Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
A rare genetic disorder of pons and cerebellum formation due to a developmental error in axon growth and guidance Systems affected: * Hearing * Gaze * Swallowing * Facial movements * Abnormal gaze
53
Diencephalon - composed of...
* thalamus * hypothalamus
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Diencephalon - Thalamus
* 2-lobed structure * Many different types of nuclei – some process and relay info between receptors and cortex * Nuclei may be specific to one sense or non-specific and involved in multimodal integration * Thalamus & cortex are closely connected
55
Thalamo-cortical loops and consciousness ## Footnote Diencephalon
* Thalamus and cortex are closely connected - important in how we see the world as a unified place * General anesthetics tend to act upon the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus (as well as other structures) * Abnormal synchronization in the thalamo-cortical network can cause absence (“ab-sonce”) seizures
56
The hypothalamus ## Footnote Diencephalon
* Plays an important role in behaviours such as feeding, sex, sleeping, temperature, emotion, and movement * Acts upon the body’s endocrine (hormone) system via the pituitary gland
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Telencephalon - how big is it?
the largest divsion of the brain
58
Telencephalon involves which
* Basal ganglia * Limbic system * Cerebral cortex
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Basal Ganglia ## Footnote Telencephalon
* “Lower knots” * Collection of nuclei highly connected to cortex, thalamus, and midbrain * Involved in movement and learning
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Limbic system - made up of what 2 structures (amongst other structures): ## Footnote Telencephalon
* Includes (among other structures): * Hippocampus (“seahorse”) – plays a role in spatial memory * Amygdala (“almond”) – plays a role in emotion
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Cerebral cortex - Sulci and Gyrus ## Footnote Telencephalon
Sulci deep enough to indent the ventricles are also called fissures * Sulcus: bottom of wrinkle * Gyrus: top of wrinkle
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Cerebral cortex - 90% of the human cerebral cortex is...
isocortex (sometimes called neocortex) = 6-layered
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Cerebral cortex - 10% of the human cerebral cortex is...
* ...allocortex = <6 layers * Hippocampus, olfactory (piriform) cortex
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What happens if cells don't migrate normally during development? ## Footnote Cerebral cortex
* Can lead to condition called **lissencephaly**
65
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by only a few tracts called the ________. The largest is the _______.
Cerebral commissures, corpus callosum
66
4 cortical lobes
1. Frontal lobe 2. Temporal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Parietal lobe
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Where does cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) remain?
Ventricles
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What are the 3 roles of CSF?
1. **Buoyancy**: the brain is suspended in fluid, reducing its effective weight; does not interfere with blood supply or put pressure on lower structures 2. **Protection**: reduces injury upon head impact; if brain does hit skull: hemorrhaging, brain damage, death... 3. **Chemical stability**: CSF flow rinses waste through the blood-brain barrier; maintains appropriate levels of hormones, pH
69
Do we only use 10% of our brains?
NO! All action/cognition requires many structures of the brain, each tending to small roles
PSYC 301
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