Acellular Life > Structure > Flashcards

Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a complete, mature virus particle called?

A

Virion

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2
Q

What are the two primary parts of a virion?

A

Core and coat

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3
Q

What does the core of a virus contain?

A

The viral genome (DNA or RNA) and various proteins (enzymes).

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4
Q

What is the function of core proteins in a virus?

A

They include enzymes that facilitate the virus’s mode of action inside the host.

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5
Q

What is the outer covering of a virus called?

A

Coat, which consists of the capsid and sometimes an envelope.

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6
Q

What is a capsid made of?

A

Identical repeating protein subunits called capsomeres.

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7
Q

What determines the shape of a virus?

A

The capsid.

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8
Q

Is the number of capsomeres specific to each virus?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

What is the additional covering external to the capsid called?

A

Envelope (a lipoprotein derived from the host cell membrane).

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10
Q

What often covers the viral envelope?

A

Glycoprotein spikes.

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11
Q

What is the function of glycoprotein spikes?

A

To help the virus recognize the host cell.

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12
Q

What is the term for the structure formed by the genome and capsid?

A

Nucleocapsid.

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13
Q

What are non-enveloped viruses also called?

A

Naked viruses.

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14
Q

Are naked viruses more or less resistant to antibiotics than enveloped viruses?

A

More resistant.

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15
Q

How many capsomeres does the Herpes virus have?

A

162

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16
Q

How many capsomeres does the Adeno virus have?

A

252

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17
Q

How many capsomeres does the Polio virus have?

A

32

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18
Q

Who discovered bacteriophages and when?

A

Twort in 1915 and D’Herelle in 1917 independently.

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19
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria.

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20
Q

What is the structure of many bacteriophages?

A

They consist of a polyhedral head and a rod-shaped tail.

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21
Q

What enzyme do retroviruses and hepatitis B virus have?

A

Reverse transcriptase.

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22
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

Converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA.

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23
Q

What covers the envelope of some viruses?

A

Glycoprotein spikes.

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24
Q

What shapes can the influenza virus take?

A

From round balls to long, spaghetti-like filaments.

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25
What type of virus is Coronavirus (COV)?
An enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA.
26
What diseases can Coronavirus cause?
From the common cold to severe diseases like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.
27
What is a novel coronavirus (nCoV)?
A new strain that has not been previously identified in humans.
28
What is the incubation period for COVID-19?
1-14 days, most commonly around 5 days.
29
What is the causative agent of smallpox?
Pox virus (a DNA enveloped virus).
30
What are the symptoms of smallpox?
Raised fluid-filled lesions that later become pustules and then pocks.
31
What are the functions of the capsid?
It is a protective coat, gives the virus its definite shape, and the number of capsomeres is specific for each virus.
32
What are the four general forms/shapes of viruses?
Polyhedral, Helical, Complex (e.g., Bacteriophage), and Coaxialhedral (spherical).
33
What is the shape of the Vaccinia virus?
Brick-shaped
34
Name a virus with a helical, rod-like shape.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
35
Which virus has a complex structure with a polyhedral head and a tail apparatus?
Bacteriophage (T-even coliphage, flexuous-tailed phage).
36
What shape is associated with the Influenza virus?
Spherical with glycoprotein spikes
37
How are viruses classified based on their host?Name the three main types.
1. Bacteriophages (e.g., T-phages, Lambda phages). 2. Plant viruses (e.g., Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Potato Yellow Dwarf Virus). 3. Animal viruses.
38
Name two diseases caused by animal viruses.
Foot and mouth disease in livestock (Rou's sarcoma virus (cancer), Papovirus (warts), Poxvirus (smallpox), Picornavirus (polio, hepatitis A), Paramyxovirus (measles, mumps).
39
Describe the capsid structure of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).
Helical capsid with an overall shape of a rigid rod.
40
What structural feature is characteristic of Influenza viruses?
An outer envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes.
41
virus with a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome causes which disease? Give an example.
Smallpox or cowpox. Example: Poxvirus.
42
What type of genome does a Parvovirus have, and what symptom does it cause?
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It causes a mild rash.
43
Which virus has a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome and causes diarrhea?
Reovirus.
44
How does the ssRNA of a Togavirus (like Rubella) function?
It serves directly as mRNA
45
How does the ssRNA of an Orthomyxovirus (like Influenza) function?
It serves as a template for mRNA synthesis.
46
How does the ssRNA of a Retrovirus (like HIV) function?
It serves as a template for DNA synthesis (via reverse transcriptase).
47
Foot and mouth disease is caused by
viruses
48
Rou's sarcoma virus causes
cancer in animals
49
Papovirus causes
warts
50
Poxvirus causes
smallpox
51
Picornavirus causes
polio and hepatitis A
52
Paramyxovirus causes
measles and mumps
53
Cancer in animals is caused by
Rou's sarcoma virus
54
Warts are caused by
Papovirus
55
Smallpox is caused by
Poxvirus
56
Polio and hepatitis A are caused by
Picornavirus
57
Measles and mumps are caused by
Paramyxovirus
58
Foot and mouth disease is caused by
viruses
59
What is the genome structure of a Poxvirus (e.g., smallpox, cowpox)?
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
60
Name a virus that has a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome.
Parvovirus (causes a mild rash)
61
What type of genome does a Reovirus (e.g., a cause of diarrhea) have?
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
62
The Togavirus (e.g., Rubella virus) has what kind of genome?
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) that serves directly as mRNA
63
Name a virus whose ssRNA genome acts as a template for mRNA synthesis.
Orthomyxovirus (Influenza virus)
64
What is the unique genomic feature of a Retrovirus like HIV?
Its single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is a template for DNA synthesis (via reverse transcriptase)
65
Which virus classification includes those with a dsDNA genome?
Poxvirus (e.g., smallpox, cowpox)
66
A patient has a mild rash. A virus with an ssDNA genome is suspected. What is a likely candidate?
Parvovirus
67
Name the virus having dsDNA.
Poxvirus (e.g., smallpox, cowpox)
68
Name the virus having ssDNA.
Parvovirus (e.g., mild rash)
69
Name the virus having dsRNA.
Reovirus (e.g., diarrhea)
70
Name the virus having ssRNA that serves as mRNA.
Togavirus (e.g., Rubella virus)
71
Name the virus having ssRNA that is a template for mRNA synthesis.
Orthomyxovirus (e.g., Influenza virus)
72
Name the virus having ssRNA that is a template for DNA synthesis.
Retrovirus (e.g., HIV)
73
Which virus has 60 capsomeres
Ambidenso virus
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