Define an Isotope
A atom with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons (and therefore different atomic mass number)
Define an Atom
Atoms are composed of electrons and a nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
Define an Element
When a substance contains only one type of atom, it is called an element.
Define an Ion
An atom or molecule with a charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Define Electronegativity
Electronegativity is measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons
What are PERIODS on a Periodic Table
Horizontal rows on the periodic table (number of electron shells in an atom of that element).
What are GROUPS on a Periodic Table
Vertical columns on the periodic table (number of valence electrons in the valence/outer electron shell - exception transition metals).
Define Atomic Radii and what is its trend on the Periodic Table
The total distance from an atom’s nucleus to the outermost orbital of electron (Decreases down a period and Increases down a group)
What is Ionic Bonding
The strong electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
What is a Monoatomic ions? Include an example
Ion formed from a single atom i.e Cl–> Cl-
What is a Polyatomic ions? Include an example
A group of atoms covalently bonded together, but the group of atoms as a whole has a charge. i.e NH4+
Ionic Property: Hardness
Structure: Giant Ionic Lattice
Bonding: Strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions which requires a lot of force to break
Ionic Property: High MP/BP
Structure: Giant Ionic Lattice
Bonding: Strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions which requires a lot of energy to break
Ionic Property: Brittle
Structure: Giant Ionic Lattice
Bonding: Lattice arrangement of ions that, when a strong enough force is applied, the lattice may shift and like charges align and repel. This breaks the lattice.
Ionic Property: Conductivity
Structure: Giant Ionic Lattice
Bonding: To conduct electricity, there needs to be a flow of charged particles (ions). As a solid, ions are not free to move and carry charge whereas as a liquid/molten the ions are free to move and carry charge.
What is Metallic bonding
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between cations and their delocalized valence electrons.
Metallic Property: High MP/BP
Structure: Giant metallic lattice
Bonding: strong electrostatic forces of attraction between cations and the sea of delocalized electrons which require a lot of energy to break
Metallic Property: Lustre
Structure: Giant metallic lattice
Bonding: a sea of delocalized electrons exist within the lattice that are able to reflect light
What does malleable mean?
Able to be changed shape (into thin sheets)
Metallic Property: Malleable & Ductile
Structure: Giant metallic lattice
Bonding: strong electrostatic forces of attraction between cations and the sea of delocalized electrons which means the shape can be changed without the forces being broken
What does ductile mean?
Ability to be shaped into thin wires
Metallic property: Heat conductivity
Structure: Giant metallic lattice
Bonding: Kinetic energy of cations (vibrations) and electrons (movement) is passed efficiently through the metal
Metallic property: Electrical conductivity
Structure: Giant metallic lattice
Bonding: Delocalized valence electrons are free to move and carry a charge.
Displacement reaction
a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a salt.
