Study Cards - Chapter 8 (requires studying)

Question 1

Quality

Answer 1

• The degree to which a set of inherent characteristincs fulfills requirements
• Fitness for use

Question 2

Cost benefit analysis

Answer 2

• weighing the cost of implementing the quality requirements agains the beneift it will deliver for the product

Question 3

Benefits of meeting quality requirements

Answer 3

• Decreased rework
• Decreased costs
• Increased productivity
• Increased stakholder satisfaction

Question 4

Benchmarking

Answer 4

• compares project practices used in the past to those that are being used in the present

Question 5

Control limits

Answer 5

• never selected by the PM or customer

- calculated by the process itself

Question 6

Specification limits

Answer 6

• determined by the customer and the PM

Question 7

Control charts

Answer 7

• determine if the process is stable
• identify upper and lower control limits
• identify upper and lower specification limits

Question 8

Design of Experiments

Answer 8

• Developed by sir Ronald Fisher
• Experimenting on multiple factors at once
• Used during Plan Quality to determine testing approaches

Question 9

Lowest cost of quality

Answer 9

• Prevention

Question 10

Poka Yoke

Answer 10

• Mistake proofing

- Shegeo Shingo

Question 11

Zero Quality Control

Answer 11

• 100% source inspection

- Shegeo Shingo

Question 12

FMEA

Answer 12

• Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
• non-proprietary approach to quality management
• US Army

Question 13

VOC

Answer 13

• Voice of the Customer
• Captures implied needs
• Japan

Question 14

Loss Function

Answer 14

• Establishes a financial measure of the user’s dissatisfaction with a product
• Genichi Taguchi

Question 15

Matrix Diagram

Answer 15

• House of Quality (HOQ)
• Utilized in QFD
• Mizuno and Akao

Question 16

Kano Model

Answer 16

• Focusing on product atributes that are perceived to be important to customers

Question 17

Marginal Analyisis

Answer 17

• done from the point of view of the performing organization

- weights benefits for improving quality against the costs

Question 18

Force Field Analysis

Answer 18

• used to weigh the pros and cons of a specific action

- views proactive and opposing forces working for or agains a proposed plan

Question 19

Nominal Group Technique

Answer 19

• a form of brainstorming utilizing a voting process to rank ideas in order of importance

Question 20

Zero Defects

Answer 20

• Identify what methods and processes can be implemented to eliminate defects
• Philip Crosby ‘Quality is Free’

Question 21

Fitness for Use

Answer 21

• Does the productmeet the customer’s need?

- Joseph Juran

Question 22

Grade vs. Quality

Answer 22

• A product can be low grade but high quality as long as it meets your quality criteria

Question 23

Five dimensions of quality

Answer 23

• Grade
• Conformance
• Reliability
• Safety
• Use

Question 24

Management’s impact on quality

Answer 24

• responsible for 85% or more of the quality issues that occur in the environment
• Edwards Deming

Question 25

System

Answer 25

- interdependent components that work together to accomplish a goal - Edwards Deming

Question 26

Variation

Answer 26

- Critical for management to understand in a process (and who is responsible) - Edwards Deming

Question 27

Special Cause Variation

Answer 27

- when a process exceeds its control limits - can be addressed by the sytem operator - Edwards Deming

Question 28

Common Cause Variation

Answer 28

- natural variation in a process - improvements can only be addressed by mangement - Edwards Deming

Question 29

Theory of knowledge

Answer 29

- used to build a rational prediction | - Edwards Deming

Question 30

Psychology

Answer 30

- managers must understand people and how they work | - Edwards Deming

Question 31

Kaizen

Answer 31

- Implement consistent and incremental improvement | - Uses Plan-Do-Check-Act

Question 32

Six Sigma

Answer 32

- 99.99966% defect free - 3.4 defects in one million - DMAIC

Question 33

DMAIC

Answer 33

- Five steps of six sigma - Define - Measure - Analyse - Implement - Control

Question 34

Just in Time

Answer 34

- eliminates the unecessary and expensive buildup of inventory - processes typically carry no inventory - Shingo Shigeo and Taichii Ohno

Question 35

ISO

Answer 35

- International Standards Organization | - Voluntary organization that promotes international standards for manufacturing

Question 36

TQM

Answer 36

- Management approach centered on quality | - Koji Kobayashi

Question 37

CMMI

Answer 37

- Capability Maturity Model | - process designed to help improve overall software quality

Question 38

Seven basic quality tools

Answer 38

- Cause and effect diagram - Control Charts - Flowcharts - Histogram - Pareto chart - Run chart - Scatter diagram - Kaoru Ishikawa

Question 39

Probability

Answer 39

- expressed as a percentage - describes likelihood that a specific event will occur - Conditional probability deals with causation

Question 40

Statistical independence

Answer 40

- opposite of conditional probability | - probability of one event does not affect another

Question 41

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 41

- two events cannot occur in a single trial

Question 42

Variable data

Answer 42

- continuous data - can be used to perform math - variable - test score - height weight

Question 43

Attribute data

Answer 43

- discrete data - cannot be used to perform math - Yes/No - Pass/Fail - Label (e.g. bus route number)

Question 44

Ishikawa Diagram

Answer 44

- Root cause analysis - Graphical format - 5M's (Methods, Materials, Machinery, Manpower, Mother Nature) - 5 why's (ask five times)

Question 45

SL outside of CL

Answer 45

- Process can be outside of control but within customer specification limits

Question 46

CL outside of SL

Answer 46

- Process can be inside control but outside of customer specification limits

Question 47

Rule of Seven

Answer 47

- out of control process | - seven consecutive points on either side of the mean

Question 48

Rule of Six

Answer 48

- out of control process | - six consecutive points trending in upward or downward direction

Question 49

Rule of Ten

Answer 49

- out of control process | - ten data points alternating above and below the mean

Question 50

Flow charts

Answer 50

- can be used to identify failing process steps and process improvement opportunities

Question 51

Pareto Chart

Answer 51

- Histogram - Prioritization tool used to identify critical issues and largest problems - 20% of the business produces 80% of waste and rework - Wilfredo Pareto

Question 52

Run Chart

Answer 52

- Similar to an SPC chart | - Limits are not known

Question 53

Scatter Diagram

Answer 53

- Used in trending or regression analysis - Positive correlation (+X = +Y) - Negative correlation (+X = -Y) - Neutral correlation (no relationship between x and y)