Sociology 1101 > Study Guide Exam 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is Durkheim considered one of the first academic sociologists?

A

They established successful college departments of Sociology

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2
Q

How and why did Durkheim die?

A

A broken heart (stroke) b/c WWII was barbaric - his son and students were killed in the war and all modern advcances were used brutall in war

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3
Q

What are the two types of society included in his theory of the division of labor?

A

Primitive/tradition
Modern/complex

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4
Q

What is solidarity?

A

The glue that holds a society together

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5
Q

What are the forms of solidarity in each type?

A

Primitive: mechanical solidarity, similiar roles/traditional
Mordern: organic solidarity, functional indepedence

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6
Q

How is justice for violations of norms or laws served in both types?

A

Primitive: harsh punishment for violation of norms
Modern: restitutive justice for violation

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7
Q

How is property treated in each society?

A

Primitive: common property
Modern: private property

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8
Q

What is the foundation for each type of society?

A

Primitive: held together by a strong religion
Modern: held together by respect of contributions made by all to the social system

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of social change in Durkheim’s theory?

A

The division of labor

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10
Q

What is the master category of human identity in a modern/complex society?

A

A person’s occupation

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11
Q

What is the cult of the individual?

A

continually emerges along the way

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12
Q

How did Durkheim use the stability of suicide rates in his use of sociology to understand what was commonly thought of as a deeply individual and psychological experience?

A

Suicide rates are relatively stable every year because of structural patterns and collectively shared experiences. Big events like war, economic depression affect this stability

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13
Q

By studying suicide statistics Durkheim discovered an interesting relationship pattern between different religious groups. What was the pattern?

A

Jews - most connected, lowest rate
Catholic - also connected, next lowest rate
Protestant - highest rate

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14
Q

How did Durkheim explain the pattern using sociology?

A

More connected communities have lower suicide rates

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15
Q

What are the two basic structural conditions in Durkheim’s study? Briefly define each condition.

A

Social integration - how connected is person to groups
Social regulation - how strong or weak are the rules that govern behavior

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of suicide? Describe each one, include an example for each.

A

Fatalistic: too much regulation, not enough freedom (slaves)
Altruistic: too much integration, not enough independence (cult)
Anomic: too little regulation, too much individual independence (lottery winners)
Egoistic: too little integration, too much freedom (eldery shutting-in)

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17
Q

The suicide table can be connected back to Durkheim’s model for the division of labor in Society. How are the types of suicides connected to Durkheim’s two society model?

A

fatalistic and altruistic - primitive/traditional

egoistic and anomic - modern/complex

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18
Q

What are the three characteristics of social facts?

A
  1. external to individuals
  2. coersive - guide and constrain
  3. objective - can be observed, measured, studied
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19
Q

What is the example of a social fact that I used in my discussion of this material? Include a description of how I would probably be controlled if I violated the norm in the example referred
to in the above question?

A

What if Prof Sullivan came to class dressed like a clown?
People would react strangely, which would affect his response and how he acted in the future
Rathering than existing as separate individuals, people come together as dynamic groups to share resources and knowledge.
It has developed. how an entire community comes together as a hive mind

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20
Q

What is the short definition of “collective conscience”?

A

Collective shared framework of meanings

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21
Q

Which U.S. CEO connected to which mega-corporation used Oldenburg’s 3-place theory as the
foundation for their corporate mission?

A

Howard Schultz, the famous long-time CEO of Starbucks

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22
Q

Why does Oldenburg have to make up the name “the third place” in his theory?

A

B/c there is no name for it, other societies have one but we do not

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23
Q

What are the 3 places in their proper order? Why are they in this order? Briefly describe what
happens in each place.

A

Home - spend the most time there Sleep, eat, and wait until it is time to go to the other 2 places, roleplay here can be stressful, parents to children, and children resenting parents, couples feuding, sibling rivalry
Work - spend the next most amount of time here. source of strain, roleplay- bosses yelling at workers, resentment
There is no name for the next place. Every person has somewhere different to find leisure

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24
Q

Why is a healthy third place so important, according to Oldenburg and Durkheim before him?

A

It is a place where people go to relieve stress. Without, people will turn to drugs or alcohol

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25
What are the 3 ideal characteristics of a healthy third place? Briefly describe the logic of each One.
1. Convenient location, preferably within walking distance, cars are isolation machines and sources of stress and anger (road rage) 2)free/inexpensive- money shouldn’t be a gatekeeping aspect 3) conductive to free/easy conversation- it’s in the talking that stress builds up in place 1 and reduces in place 2, allowing us to unwind
26
How are residential college campuses interesting examples of Oldenburg's theory of social Places?
All three places are combined into one. Students live, work and release stress on campus. Everything is walkable, free and conducive to talking.
27
What was the example I used of a healthy third place here at Cornell? Briefly explain using the 3 ideal characteristics of a healthy third place in your answer.
Libe Solpe is free, accessible by walking, and very conducive to free and easy converation
28
How is status attainment connected to Durkheim's theory of society?
The division of labor is what drives society forward and divides us into our occupations, which are the master category of individual human identity- being part of the framework for the status attainment model
29
What is the definition of life chances?
Any and every opportunity to be successful in a social system
30
Why is occupational attain about more than just financial success
People experience prestige according to the hierarchical social ranking of their occupation Occupation is ranked as a collective representation of the collectively shared attitudes, opinions and beliefs of society. We grant respect and honor to individuals in higher-ranking occupations like medical doctors
31
What is a common synonym for inequality?
Stratification
32
Why is sydney sweeney ad controversial?
It makes it seem like people do well b/c of genetics and appearance. We have a long history of racial profiling, and genetic appearance being an advantage
33
We read a chapter in a study that was responding to another controversial study. What was the title and major finding of the controversial study?
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life idea was that IQ was a powerful and influential determinant for success/lack of success
34
Why was this finding insulting to American sociologists?
Showed that people with higher IQ tend to be more successful. Relationship between IQ and race was very insulting to American sociologists who had been studying it for over 75 years.
35
What is the status attainment model? Describe it
Status attainment model covers the many factors that go into status, income and occupational outcomes in the US. The number of kids in a family, gender, and race play into this model.
36
What are the two types of factors included in the model?
Family of origin influences Social Environment
37
What is a replication study? What are the two statistical datasets used by the authors of both studies?
Repetition of previous research to verify its results and determine if it's reliable or not 1) Armed forces qualifying tests 2) National Longitudinal Study of Youth
38
Who is Dr. Elijah Anderson?
One of the most respected sociologists in the world author of Code of the Streets
39
Where does he teach?
Yale
40
How is he related to the American Sociological Association?
He's the former Vice President
41
What famous American scholar influenced the research and career of Dr. Elijah Anderson?
W.E.B Du Bouis
42
What is the Chicago School of Sociology? Briefly, dates, research methods, theory history.
Birthplace of American Sociology, from 1892-now a new tradition of sociology was based in Chicago, where social classes, ethnics mied together and the city was becoming modernized
43
What is the structure of the society described by Anderson?
Two types of families: Decent- teach their children politeness Street - maintain respect by being aggressive and stealing
44
What is the sociological history of African-American inner city neighborhoods?
They hold the history race in American society, especially of slavery, abolition movement, the Civil War, the great migration etc. that affect with long term structurally
45
Why is the sociological history of the community relevant?
B/c it helped us understand why the community was the way it was
46
Anderson notes that most people in the community share an economic social class location; What concept does Anderson use to describe their economic social class?
Disadvantaged society Everyone in the community is poor, but the people best off are working poor
47
Anderson often notes that most of the residents of the community are ___________________ (fill in the blank).
working poor
48
What are the various groups in the community?
Decent- teach their children politeness, go to church Street - maintain respect by being aggressive and stealing, don't adhere is norms
49
What is the definition of "the code of the streets?" "A set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior." (p. 82)
A separate set of rules of how to be a member of a community, that is not written in law because the dominant rules of society aren't working. States when it's time to show your boundaries, or when to use violence It's an alternative system
50
How does Anderson compare and contrast the groups in the community? What is the stratification system in the community?
The street families teach their kids to go out and defend their honor The decent families teach their kids the values of mainstream American society. Those who can protect themselves are at the top
51
Yet, something happens in the shared public spaces that effects everyone? How and why does this system of norms take precedence?
Everyone follows the code of the streets Only the street families want to keep this going, but the decent families have to follow the code to defend their honor and ensure they have respect
52
How is the system reproduced across generations?
passed down from parents and kids are socialized into the system They have to learn how to survive in these places
53
How do the youth of the community experience the system? How do youth become socialized into the system?
Socialization can come from parents, but also neighborhood experience. A kid who looks at someone the wrong way and gets beat, you socialized into a system
54
How is the "code of the street" performed in everyday life?
There is a performance in their dress, speech, capacity for violence and masculinity Social roles need to performed
55
What is juice?
Juice is respect/ connected to reputation
56
What is a "trophy"?
Something that shows your status jewelry
57
Is "the code of the streets" a status game?
It creates a social system where people are above and below
58
What are the complex interactions between respect and self esteem and reputation?
Can set up complex interactions as a result of these characteristics If someone is challenged, they must defend their reputation before being taken advantage of Result of masculinity respect doesn't come from success, it comes characteristics out of control
59
What is the role of "nerve" in the code?
ability to code switch
60
What is the relationship between members of the community and the police?
Very suspicious of police b/c the police have not helped them in the past Police aren't there to help them
61
What is the attitude towards prison by members of the community?
Can help someone with their reputation - they will be toughened by participating in prison culture
62
How is gender a factor in the community? Do men and women and boys and girls have similiar or different attidudes towards the sociological logic of community
Girls also fight b/c they have to, but they don't have guns like the guys.
63
What is the meaning of "death" in the community?
Kids in the community learn that death happens and accept it
64
Who favors non violent solutions to trouble in the community? Why is this a tough standard to Utilize?
The decent people favor non violent solutions Hard to utilize b/c they still have to follow the code to survive
65
Do some of the youth practice code switching? How when why?
Have to respectful to the institution while still trying to be tough and have a good rep in the streets
66
Anderson further categorizes the code of the street social system as "an oppositional culture." Why and how is this "an oppositional culture?"
Forms an opposition to mainstream culture Mainstream culture looks at this community and says that culture is violent without learning about race and structure, which reinforces the idea that community members that they are not understood by everyone
67
How is the broader societal level blame for this system commonly misguided, according to Anderson?
the hatred they receive fuels violence, which creates a cycle of "street" families.
68
How does environmental sociology use the sociological imagination to explore the intersection of the environment and society?
When you hear soc imag, structure, history and roles Personal troubles - house burned down in forest fire Social issue - forest fire
69
What key idea does Klinenberg borrow from Durkheim and Mauss in his study?
Extreme events allow ud to see preexisting sociological conditions more clearly
70
What is the environmental disaster studied by Eric Klinenberg?
Heatwaves
71
Who was Joseph Laczko? Briefly describe his life and death and the institutional organizations involved in his situation.
An elderly Hungarian male from Chicago who lived alone and died in the heatwave and had no family to claim his posessions
72
Why aren't heatwaves covered by mass media?
Heatwaves are a big spectable. They are not invisible, and the media likes to cover things that can be seen and get a lot of attention. Victims are primarily social outcasts
73
Was there a public debate over the causes of the deaths in the city? Who participated in the debate and what were their positions? How and why did influential politicians in the city try to evade responsibility or coverage of the disaster?
Yes, because politicians said that it was environmental based and that the deaths weren’t really real and people didn’t agree
74
Why are heat wave deaths hard to count?
In communities that are isolated there are other underlying conditions medical teams come in way after and see the body and don't know what happened
75
How were the deaths eventually accurately counted? What was the total number of deaths according to Klinenberg? What was the most accurate technique for counting the deaths?
Determined the number of deaths they would initially expect versus how man there were The excess death rate was hundreds of people more than the city had orginally claimed - 739
76
How do average heat wave deaths compare to the death rates of other environmental disasters like earthquakes and floods?
They are a lot higher
77
What sociological frameworks were helpful to Klinenberg?
Excess death rate is from durkeim Durkheim was interested in how suicide allowed people to learn about the sociological conditions that were preexisting The heatwave exposed the preexisting sociological conditions that were exposed by the heatwave invisible deaths of invisible people
78
Why were the neighborhoods of North Lawndale and Little Village important to his study? Describe the structural historical conditions in each neighborhood and the differential deaths in each neighborhood.
Was very highly studied. Showed the effects of historical racism NL - African American (more deaths) experienced racism and abandoned by govt LV - hispanic and less deaths b/c they were more collective
79
Why were there surprises regarding gender in his study?
Many more men died than women
80
What was his recent recommendation regarding how to deal with the growing sociological consequences of heat waves related to global warming?
Name them Like Hurricane Katrina Put human character to these diseasters people are more likely to perceive them
81
How did his heatwave research affect city policy during the next heat wave?
They built check in patrols to know at risk citizens should be checked had cooling centers Bettwe warning systems
82
What was his next study? Who funded the study?
People who live by themselves funded by the Johnson foundation
83
What did he call the group he studied?
Singletons
84
What were his major findings?
50% of the people in Manhattan live by themselves Doesn't think it is dangerous because singletons take advantage of the three-place theory Participate in community affairs Coffee shops and going to lunch with themselves just because they live alone doesn't mean they are socially isolated
85
What is the difference between living alone, being socially isolated, and feeling lonely?
Assumption of living alone is that you feel sociology isolated and alone Singleton study showed that these Assumption of living alone is that you feel sociology isolated and alone Singleton study showed that these aren't necessarily related Concern of lack of integration Social isolation: lack of integration aren't necessarily related Concern of lack of integration Social isolation: lack of integration
86
How is the rise of single-person households good for U.S. cities?
People who live in single-person households are more likely to engage in community It doesn't mean they isolated or lonely
87
Why are single households in rural settings potentially lonelier and different from single households households in urban settings?
In urban settings, there are many "third places" and activities in which single people can participate, where they will be less common in rural settings, as people are further apart
Sociology 1101
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