Study Notes

Question 1

Clear protective layer on front of eye

Answer 1

Cornea

Question 2

Coloured part of the eye, opens and closes to let in more or less light

Answer 2

Iris

Question 3

Opening created by iris through which light passes

Answer 3

Pupil

Question 4

Changes shape to focus on objects at different distances

Answer 4

Lens

Question 5

Inner layer on back of eye that contains “light-sensitive” rods and cones

Answer 5

Retina

Question 6

Bundle of axons running from retina to visual (occipital cortex)

Answer 6

Optic nerve

Question 7

Spot on the retina where optic nerve exits eye, there are no receptors there

Answer 7

Blind Spot

Question 8

Centre of the retina where “activity” (ability to see fine detail) is greatest

Answer 8

Fovea

Question 9

Rods (5)

Answer 9

• Concentrated in periphery
• Allows us to see in dim light
• Cannot see fine spatial detail
• Cannot see different colours
• The axons of many rods synapse onto one ganglion cell

Question 10

Cones (5)

Answer 10

• Concentrated in centre of eye (fovea)
• Allows us to see bright light
• Allows us to see fine spatial detail
• Allows us to see different colours
• In the fovea, one cone often synapses onto only a single ganglion cell

Question 11

Shortest wavelength humans can perceive is?

Answer 11

Violet

Question 12

Longest wavelength humans can perceive is?

Answer 12

Red

Question 13

Mixing of pigments is called

Answer 13

Subtractive colour mixing (absorb some wavelengths, e.g. reflect red = appears red)

Question 14

Mixing of lights is called

Answer 14

Additive colour mixing

Question 15

Trichromatic theory

Answer 15

Perception of colour is determined by the ratio of activity between the 3 cone receptors

Question 16

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 16

Colour perception is mediated by neurons that can be either excited or inhibited, depending on concentration of light

Question 17

Dual-process theory

Answer 17

Mix of both trichromatic and opponent-process theories

Question 18

Feature-Integration theory

Answer 18

• Parallel search
• No attention required = pre-attentive (e.g. easy when looking for one feature - blue circle amongst red circles)
• No load effect

Question 19

Conjunction Search

Answer 19

• Serial search

- Find red circle amongst blue and red squares and blue circles

Question 20

Gesalts Principles

Answer 20

• “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”

- Figure-ground relationship

Question 21

Bottom-up processing

Answer 21

• Stimulus driven

Question 22

Top-down processing

Answer 22

• Knowledge driven

- Context effects

Question 23

“Where and How” pathway

Answer 23

• Occipital and parietal lobes
• Vision of action
• • Patient RV: Optic ataxia: An inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements, without impairment of muscles or senses

Question 24

“What” pathway

Answer 24

• Temporal lobe
• Visual for perception
• • Patient DF : Visual FORM agnosia = Can’t make out shapes, can’t copy but can draw object from memory

Question 25

Depth perception

Answer 25

- Created by light and shape

Question 26

Memory model order

Answer 26

Sensory input --> [Sensory Memory]--> Attention--> [Working (short-term) memory]Encoding/Retrieval-->[Long-term memory] Maintenance rehearsal = circles working/short term memory

Question 27

Sensory Memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

Answer 27

``` F: Take in info until is can be processed C: Large amounts of info D: Brief T.o.C: Raw copy F: Results of decay ```

Question 28

Working (short-term) memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

Answer 28

``` F: Conscious thought, where perceiving, comparing, feeling and reasoning take place C: Quite small D: Stays while processed (rehearsed) T.o.C: Acoustic-articulatory code F: Mostly interference but also decay ```

Question 29

Long-term memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

Answer 29

``` F: Store info relatively permanently C: Limitless D: Relatively permanent T.o.C: Semantic (or by learning) F: Not forgotten, just lose access ```

Question 30

Attention

Answer 30

If we attend information in sensory store it moves to working memory

Question 31

Rehearsal

Answer 31

Maintenance vs elaborate rehearsal

Question 32

Encoding

Answer 32

Controls movement of into from working memory to long-term memory

Question 33

Retrieval

Answer 33

Access info from long-term memory and place in working memory

Question 34

Iconic memory

Answer 34

Existence of brief visual sensory memory

Question 35

Types of memory

Answer 35

- - Explicit memory (Declarative, conscious) - ------- Episodic (ones own experience) & Semantic (general knowledge) - - Implicit memory (non declarative, unconscious) - ------- Classical conditioning effects (conditioned emotional reactions) & Procedural (Motor skills, habits) & Priming (Implicit activation of concepts in LTM)

Question 36

Spreading activation model

Answer 36

Activation of any one concept initiates a read of activity to nearby concepts - priming those concepts so they become temporarily more retrievable than before

Question 37

H.M

Answer 37

- Unable to form any new semantic or episodic memories | - Parts of temporal lobes, amygdala and hippocampus from both sides were removed

Question 38

Sources of variability in Behaviour Repertoire

Answer 38

1. Biological/physiological factors 2. Developmental processes 3. Experience

Question 39

2 types of behaviour

Answer 39

Respondent & operant

Question 40

Respondent behaviour (4)

Answer 40

- Involuntary - Reflexes - Seems to be pulled out of you by events in environment - Is the result

Question 41

Operant Behaviour (4)

Answer 41

- May seem voluntary rather than automatic - Behaviours you emit - Produces a result - Operates on the world

Question 42

3 ways we learn new behaviours

Answer 42

1. Observation 2. Trial and Error 3. Shaping These are called Acquisition processes

Question 43

Thorndikes Law of effect

Answer 43

Weakeners/Annoyers/Punishers ----- Strengtheners/satisfiers/Reinforcers

Question 44

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 44

Something is added or intensified | Strengthens approach and engagement behaviour

Question 45

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 45

Something is removed, reduced or made inaccessible | Strengthens and maintains escape and avoidance behaviours (e.g umbrella = escape rain)

Question 46

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 46

Have their strengthening property already

Question 47

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 47

Acquire their strengthening property by their association with primary reinforcers

Question 48

Extinction

Answer 48

When response no longer produces reinforcers Withhold reinforcers Reverse the effect of initial conditioning

Question 49

Punishment

Answer 49

May be positive of negative +ve = pain inflicted -ve = time out Effect must be to suppress behaviour otherwise not a punisher

Question 50

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 50

Is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response This response requires no learning, it simply happens automatically

Question 51

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 51

Previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 52

Conditioned response

Answer 52

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.

Question 53

Dark Adaptation

Answer 53

Adjustment of the eye to low light intensities, involving reflex dilation of the pupil and activation of the rod cells

Question 54

Light Adaptation

Answer 54

Contraction of the pupil, adaptation to increase illumination