Present value of expected loss=
value of a credit-risky bond - identical risk-free bond
Loss given default (%)
100 - Recovery rate
credit spread=
YTM of a credit-risky zero coupon bond - YTM of a risk-free zero coupon bond
Value of stock(t)=
Value of debt(t)=
Max (0, At-K)
Min (At, K)
At= value of assets at time T K= facevalue of debt
Value of risky debt=
value of risk-free debt- value of put option on company’s assets
The issuer-pays model in credit ratings mays cause a conflict of interest between _______ & ________
rating agencies & usersof ratings (subscribers), not between rating agencies and issuers