Superpowers

Question 1

7.1a What is a superpower?

Answer 1

a country with the ability to projects its dominating power and influence anywhere in the world

Question 2

7.1a What is an emerging power?

Answer 2

are countries with a large role in one of more superpower characteristics, and with growing influence.

Question 3

7.1a What is a regional power?

Answer 3

can project dominating power and influence over other countries within the continent or region.

Question 4

7.1a give an example of a regional power

Answer 4

Saudi Arabia 
-largest country in Middle East 
-oil industry - 16% of oil deposits 
-most highly funded military in the middle east 
$80bn

Question 5

7.1a What is a hyper power?

Answer 5

an unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power (political, economic, cultural, military)

Question 6

7.1a What is a diplomacy?

Answer 6

the negotiation and decision-making that takes place between nations as part of international relations, leading to international agreements and treaties

Question 7

7.1a What are the characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 7

• economic
• political
• military
• cultural
• demographic
• resources

Question 8

7.1a What is economic power?

Answer 8

– It is essential for power. A large and powerful economy gives nations the wealth to build and maintain a powerful military, exploit natural resources and develop human ones through education.

Question 9

7.1a What is military power?

Answer 9

– the threat of military action is powerful bargaining chip, also can be used to achieve geopolitical goals. Blue water navy, drone, missile and satellite technology can be deployed globally and reach distant places.

Question 10

7.1a What is blue water navy?

Answer 10

One which can deploy into the open ocean (large, ocean-going ships) – many countries only have a green water navy designed to patrol littoral water (close to the nations coastline)

Question 11

7.1a What is political power?

Answer 11

the ability to influence others through diplomacy to get their way is important and is exercised through international organisations such as UN and WTO.

Question 12

7.1a What are the economic characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 12

• Large GDP, high % of international trade, currency used as reserve currency.
• A large GDP creates influence as a potential market and as the home of TNCs which create FDI.

Question 13

7.1a What are the political characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 13

•The ability to influence the policies of other countries through the dominance of negotiations. (Both bilaterally and through international organisations.)
-Voting power may be determined by economic contribution, historical role in founding of organisation (UN), population
•Often due to dominance in other characteristics.
oE.g. large economy gives it power in trade talks, military power can make countries a threat - giving them political power

Question 14

7.1a What are the military characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 14

• Military power with a global reach means they can be used to achieve geopolitical goals
• Global influence through blue water (ocean going) navy and drone, missile and satellite technology
• Indicators of power: army size, defence spending, nuclear weapons, inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), size of blue water navy, being a major arms exporter, presence on/leading international military organisations.
• Dependent on demographic power: the number of military personnel that can be deployed
• Dependent on economic power: budget determines investment in military technology, which increases power

Question 15

7.1a What are the cultural characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 15

•The ability to influence the beliefs, values, ideology and way of life in other countries.
•Achieved through:
the dominance of media (films, radio, television, internet, education)
-TNCs or migrants introducing cultural products (food, clothing, music, religion)
-imposition of viewpoint in international agreements
-Indicators: global spread of music, fashion, food, language, religion
-Westernisation, Americanisation

Question 16

7.1a What are the demographic characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 16

• A large population -> a large diaspora and workers at TNCs
• Assists economic power through a large market and economies of scale (so more profit).
• Means army can be larger.
• China has the largest population - 1382 million

Question 17

7.1a What are the resources characteristics of a superpower?

Answer 17

• Control of access to physical resources: energy, minerals
• Provides inputs for economic growth
• Means they can be exported at a high price -> economic power
• May be internally located or accessed through reliable source countries through transport pathways.
• Essential for military power

Question 18

7.1a What is the global presence index split into?

Answer 18

Economy, defence and soft presence (culture, media, migration, tourism)

Question 19

7.1b What is hard power?

Answer 19

represents a coercive approach to international relations and employs the use of military or economic power to achieve certain outcomes.
-The underlying theme of Hard Power is coercion and states use such power to influence weaker states to comply with their will.

Question 20

7.1b What does hard power include?

Answer 20

• military intervention or protection, economic sanctions, or reduction of trade barriers.
• Display sends strong signal to any disputes

Question 21

7.1b Advantages of hard power

Answer 21

• fast-acting so results are seen quickly
• gain allies both economic and military
• useful when soft is working
• useful against extremists who are disturbing the general population
• tangible - see what’s going on

Question 22

7.1b Disadvantages of hard power

Answer 22

• can damage a country’s international image - loss of credibility leads to lack of international cooperation as attitudes of mistrust grows
• invasions, war don’t always go to plan
• no long term benefits
• expensive
• can be risky
• Some may view military action as unnecessary or illegal – so the aggressor may lose allies and moral authority

Question 23

7.1b Give an example of hard power

Answer 23

USA

• USA organised and led the coalition to expel Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait in the First Gulf War (1991)
• Invaded Iraq in the Second Gulf War when economic sanctions (softer power) failed to persuade President Saddam Hussein to change policy (2003)

Question 24

7.1b What is soft power?

Answer 24

• A persuasive approach to international political relations, involving the use of a nation’s cultural, historical and diplomatic influence.
• Soft Power is the ability of a state to indirectly convince others to desire its goals and vision. This persuasive approach is applied through cultural, historical and/or diplomatic means.
• Enterprise, culture, digital, government, engagement, education
• Sovereign wealth fund

Question 25

7.1b Advantages of soft power

Answer 25

- forms of soft power include foreign aid, internet connectivity and democracy can influence a country's international pull - doesn't use force - uses attraction to shared values and culture - Soft power when used well, is low cost because it is about creating alliances and friendly relations and may spread to other countries

Question 26

7.1b Disadvantages of soft power

Answer 26

- attraction won't always get you what you want - takes more time to have an effect than hard power - using this alone may not persuade another country if they are culturally and ideologically different - Soft power relies on a country having respected culture, values and

Question 27

7.1b Give an example of soft power

Answer 27

- Diplomacy - one of the largest networks of diplomats and embassies in the world. - BBC World Service - more neutral and reliable than many government broadcasters. Worldwide news and programmes. - Films (Pride and Prejudice), television (Downton Abbey) and literature (Harry Potter) - City of London (and New York) dominate international finance, banking and law - setting standards and values

Question 28

7.1b What is smart power?

Answer 28

An approach that underscores the necessity of a strong military, but also invests heavily in alliances, partnerships, and institutions of all levels to expand one's influence and establish legitimacy of one's action.

Question 29

7.1b What did Joseph Nye say about power?

Answer 29

- Made the terms hard and soft power in 1990 - He argues that in the 21st century the most successful countries are those that combine hard and soft power into smart power – carrot stick approach

Question 30

7.1a Regional power characteristics

Answer 30

- High military, economic, demographic, political and ideological capabilities - Very large land area and a large population - Higher per capita income than the regional average - Higher average growth of GDP and contribute significantly to global and regional growth - Have more of a differentiated economic structure than other countries in that region – value added of the respective manufacturing industries is higher than the regions average

Question 31

7.1a Give some examples of regional powers

Answer 31

-China, India, South Africa, Mexico, Indonesia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey

Question 32

7.1c What is Mackinder's Theory?

Answer 32

- 1904 - identified a region of Eurasia that he named the 'Heartland' - whoever can controls the heartland will have hegemony - argued that this was the geo strategic location in the world because control of it commanded a high portion of the worlds physical and human resources

Question 33

7.1c Shorty explain what geo-strategic location means

Answer 33

how your location in the world can influence your power in the world

Question 34

7.1c What is the influence of the Heartland theory?

Answer 34

- It persuades the USA, UK, and other European countries that Russia needed to be 'contained', i.e. prevented from spreading outward by taking over new areas close by. - It reinforced the idea that control of physical resources (land, mineral wealth) was important

Question 35

7.1c Advantages of the heartland theory

Answer 35

- still relevant today in modern geopolitics | - contributes to the policies of containment

Question 36

7.1c Disadvantages of the heartland theory

Answer 36

-physical isolation in most locations is not an issue due to advancements in technology, communication and transport

Question 37

7.1c Geostrategic location -USA

Answer 37

- military bases across the world - Allies with countries | - rapid access to everywhere - soft and hard power

Question 38

7.1c Geostrategic location - China

Answer 38

-setting up bases in East Africa

Question 39

7.2a Geopolitcal stability

Answer 39

How well governments get on with each other

Question 40

7.2a When was the imperial era?

Answer 40

- 1500s to 1950 | - when the European powers (Spain, Germany, Portugal) conquered land in America, Africa and Asia

Question 41

7.2a What did the British empire do?

Answer 41

- From 1400s Britain sailed, explored and claimed land as their own - able to build basic sailing ships - commodities such as cotton, salves, spices were used to set up trading companies in east India - this generated income and allowed further exploitation

Question 42

7.2a Industrialisation during British Empire?

Answer 42

- raw materials were brought back to the big shipping areas of Liverpool, London, Bristol which fuelled the industrial revolution - Brunel created steam and basic power (steam trains and ships) - help form the industrial revolution - steel producing

Question 43

7.2a British Empire power

Answer 43

- most countries were taken without force - Britain introduced its legal system, education systems, inventions such as railways, language, sport and culture - made countries become dependant on the UK by taking all natural resources - some done by hard power - war and threats

Question 44

7.2a how did the British empire maintain control?

Answer 44

- Britain highly populated the countries with British military, farmers, administrators - Britain where ;morally superior' and had 'God on their side' - the argument was that it brought stability and trade

Question 45

7.2a what is a multipolar world?

Answer 45

a world where several countries have a highly influential role in the world or their world region and link together in world economic and political systems

Question 46

7.2a what was the end of the British empire?

Answer 46

- after the world war 2, colonies were given up due to having no money and wanting to focus on investment into their own growth - realisation of the unethical practices - there were anti-colonial movements and a desire for countries to become independent of their 'mother country'

Question 47

7.2b When was there the bi-polar power?

Answer 47

-after the war (1945-1990), between the usa and ussr known as the Cold War era

Question 48

7.2b the bi - polar power between usa and ussr?

Answer 48

Economic - trade and finance with raw materials and industrialisation Military - nuclear weapon states Political - rival global ideologies capitalism vs communism Cultural - competed for influence using public diplomacy and soft power wanted to win through attraction as well as coercion

Question 49

7.2b What actually happened during the Cold War?

Answer 49

- no fighting involved - just proxy wars e. g. the Korean War which resulted in the division of Korea - US backed south and USSR backed North - tense but politically stable

Question 50

7.2b soft power used by the US during the Cold War

Answer 50

- in order to attract people to US - International broadcasting - radio liberalisation spreading American message of global capitalism, commerce, trade, freedom - competed in Olympics for global attention

Question 51

7.2b How did USA use hard power during the Cold War?

Answer 51

- invested in hard military technology - sea, sky and intercontinentally - intercontinental ballistic missiles - It is able to back itself up on a global stage with military hardware and technology e. g. Great White Fleet tour around the world

Question 52

7.2b how does the us use strategic power?

Answer 52

- Project military command over the whole globe | - Project themselves and strategies internationally

Question 53

7.2b Who were the US and USSR backed by?

Answer 53

US - NATO USSR - Warsaw Pact -both acquired allies in order to internationalise their capacities

Question 54

7.2b What was the non-aligned movement?

Answer 54

- Countries that joined together to reject capitalism and communism - Post-colonial states came together and didn’t want to be aligned to either superpowers - India, Ghana, Egypt, Indonesia, Yugoslavia

Question 55

7.b Where did USA show its weaknesses?

Answer 55

- 9/11 -No matter how powerful a country it is – borders are not always inviolable - Highly motivated terrorist organisation was able to puncture this - corona - Disease has undermined the reputation of the US as a superpower – in terms of public health planning and healthcare - Losing its world status due to failure of controlling covid

Question 56

7.2b Why did the Cold War end?

Answer 56

- countries in Eastern Europe didn't agree with USSR communist ideologies - they gained an increased awareness of westernisation due to globalisation - negotiations to end the war - Eastern Europe left -USSR land mass decreased - less natural resource, less money, less power

Question 57

7.2b What is Neo-colonialism?

Answer 57

The ability to influence other countries that are less dominant

Question 58

7.2b What are the methods of Neo-colonisalism?

Answer 58

- aid - military support - terms of trade - TNC investments - Money lending

Question 59

7.2b Neo-colonialism - aid

Answer 59

- The IMF and the World Bank were set ip to provide aid in the form of 'structural adjustment' programs to ensure countries reformed their policies to be pro-western - much aid is given as 'tied aid' - giving aid but also trying to maintain control

Question 60

7.6a What are the superpower resource demands?

Answer 60

- food - fossil fuels - minerals

Question 61

7.6a Carbon emission trends

Answer 61

- US and China are the largest emitters - heavy manufacturing release this - Russia's emissions are decreasing - smaller population and due to a recession

Question 62

7.6a Industrial water use trends

Answer 62

- USA largest export is agriculture products - this requires lots of water through irrigation - Japan - hydroponic farming in water

Question 63

7.6a Meat consumption trends

Answer 63

- Brazil large - lots of cattle farming | - Europe are huge consumers of meat

Question 64

7.6a Ecological footprint trends

Answer 64

-India - large footprint due to large population

Question 65

7.6a Forest loss trends

Answer 65

-mostly in developing countries in South America and Africa

Question 66

7.6a How does climate change impact income poverty?

Answer 66

- impacts the supply and accessibility to energy and water - Income poverty due to civil unrest due to conflicts of water use from water scarcity - leads to people not able to work due to poor health and lack of clean water

Question 67

7.6a How does climate change impact food insecurity and political instability?

Answer 67

- temperature rise leads to little precipitation and drought - therefore, vegetation dies which leads to lack of nutrients in the soil - the top soil is blown away which has all the nutrients - animals die as they have no fodder - leading to food insecurity - farmers have lower income leading to fewer people in developing countries earning an income - political instability

Question 68

7.6a What are the three UN climate change conferences?

Answer 68

- Kyoto 1997 - Paris 2015 - Marrakesh 2016

Question 69

7.6a Kyoto 1997

Answer 69

- first time countries agreed to cut greenhouse gases over a 5 year period - EU 8%, USA 7%, Russia by 0%

Question 70

7.6a Paris 2015

Answer 70

- to keep local temps below 2 degrees - limit emissions to what can be naturally absorbed - rich countries to financially support developing countries to use renewable resources - 200 countries - USA pulled out when Trump took control (MAGA - aim was to re-nationalise industry, increase manufacturing, leading to high emissions) - china and Russia had agreed

Question 71

7.6a Marrakesh 2016

Answer 71

- focussed on the least developed countries committing to using renewable energy and agreeing funding from developed countries - protection of valuable resources were also agreed

Question 72

7.6b USA's willingness to change

Answer 72

- reducing carbon emissions would cost energy companies and harm the economy - Trump was in favour of MAGA by increasing manufacturing which will increase emissions - between 2002-2005 US wind power tripled in output and solar energy x10

Question 73

7.6b Russia's willingness to change

Answer 73

- its heavily investing in nanotechnology, energy efficiency and laws - In 1990, they agreed reduce its emissions by 30%, its reduced them now by 35% 0 due to economic crash - as Russia stabilises, its economy and industry will grow = increase in emissions

Question 74

7.6b China's willingness to change

Answer 74

- china has been concerned about how cutting emissions would impact their manufacturing industries and their economy - In 2016, agreed to cut its emissions and now heavily invests into renewable energy - concerned for its reputation and global image by making this change, it will become more influential

Question 75

7.6b EU's willingness to change

Answer 75

- leaders in carbon reducing initiatives and leading talks - provide large grants for companies to use, convert to or invest in renewable energy sources - The CAP protected European farmers from imports which resulting in intensive farming methods that were extremely harmful to the environment

Question 76

7.6b China's change - before

Answer 76

- the environmental cost for China's rapid economic growth from 1990 was very high - 90% of grasslands and 40% of wetlands suffering significant degradation - air, water and land pollution - losing numerous valuable services they provide

Question 77

7.6b China's change - now

Answer 77

- china is now an emerging environmental leader - Beijing's air pollution was cleaned up for 2008 Olympics - largest investor in renewable energy - in 2015 they spent $105bn which was double than the USA - In 2020, they committed $367bn for sustainable development that is supposed to provide 13 million jobs - exporting its expertise in renewable energy and supporting technologies - In 2016, China invested tens of billions in renewable energy projects in Australia, Germany and Brazil

Question 78

7.6c Malthus' Theory

Answer 78

- demand will increase until an event (war, conflict) will wipe out a good bit of the population - If population increases too quickly, pop may exceed supply - Malthusian crisis - contribution to society is important so if not helpful need to go - this was to help natural population control

Question 79

7.6c Boserup's Theory

Answer 79

- as population increases, education, innovation will increase with it leading to new technologies that will provide for the demand - as people moves out of poverty into the middle class - more demand for products which uses more water and energy - as middle class grows, the pressure on the environment increases - lag time between government increasing trade and globalisation and the growth fo the middle class

Question 80

7.6c Staple grain - environment

Answer 80

- Soil degradation | - Chemical runoff excess fertiliser resulting in eutrophication

Question 81

7.6c staple grain - price

Answer 81

- Land once used for staple food grains will be converted to produce meat and dairy products - Without new land, prices could rise, affecting the poorest

Question 82

7.6c staple grain - availability

Answer 82

- Rice consumption has stabilised in India - Consumption increased by 50% in sub-Saharan Africa - Consumption is grown steadily in USA and Europe because immigration and increasing awareness of value of a fibre-based diet

Question 83

7.6c Water - environment

Answer 83

- Industrialising countries (developing and emerging) overuse water available - Climate change will make diminishing water sources worse – from glaciers melting due to higher temperatures. - Drought affects food production

Question 84

7.6c Water -price

Answer 84

- California is the most important place for growth of nuts and fruit – consumer demand for these are increasing as healthy diets are more priority - This increases agribusinesses to extract more water to increase yields

Question 85

7.6c Water - availability

Answer 85

-Californian farmers are using more groundwater, but the water table is dropping, and grand subsidence is occurring

Question 86

7.6c rare earth - environment

Answer 86

- Emerging countries have increase demand for high-tech goods which depend on rare earth - Lots of water, acid and electricity is used in the extraction process to separate ores from toxins in rare earths - Processing one tonne of rare earths produce 2000 tonnes of toxic waste and if this waste mixes with surface water or groundwater – environmental impact - China produces 85% of the global rare earths - Wastewater is pumped into contaminant ponds where It seeps into groundwater and then drinking water sources

Question 87

7.6c rare earth price

Answer 87

- In recent years, China has restricted the refining and exports of these products (rare earths) in order to keep their price high - This then impacted more mining to start in other countries because the higher price makes it economic to do so - Rare earths are used in LCD screens and numerous hi-etch gadgets which could cause the price to increase - Basic materials such as copper, tin and platinum are at risk of supply shortages which will cause dramatic price changes

Question 88

7.6c oil environment

Answer 88

-Pressure has been put on the remote areas (Arctic Ocean) for oil exploitation

Question 89

7.6c oil price

Answer 89

- There has been an increase in demand due to growing population and economic growth - Meeting this demand may lead to price rises or supply shortages

Question 90

7.6c oil availability

Answer 90

-Countries who have their own supplies (Russia and Brazil) are likely to be in a stronger position than those relying on imports (India)

Question 91

7.2b Neo-colonialism - military support

Answer 91

- developing nations often rely on superpowers for military backing during times of civil war and uprising, or they need them to buy weapons from - UK sell military weapons to Saudi Arabia

Question 92

7.2b Neo-colonialism - Term of trade

Answer 92

- make countries reliant on the country - have to keep the relationship - Frank's dependancy theory - low value cash crops vs high value processes goods means that LEDC's are more reliant on MEDC's for trade

Question 93

7.2b Neo-colonialism - TNC investments

Answer 93

- cultural diffusion and westernisation have been taken place - many developing nations are reliant on TNC's to provide investment and jobs - TNC's set up, become reliant, TNC's gain more control, country doesn't develop any of their own industries, TNC's leave, country is left with a lack of development - TNC's bring status and a good reputation of the location e. g. Rajastan, India - Coca Cola

Question 94

7.2b Neo-colonialism - Money lending

Answer 94

- developing countries often borrow money from developed ones and end up in debtor-creditor relationships - UK give money to India (commonwealth) - India spend billions on space but have bn of people living in poverty - UK countries to provide funding to commonwealth countries giving it moral authority

Question 95

7.3a What is an emerging nation?

Answer 95

Nations or countries that have rapidly increased their influence and economic position in the world

Question 96

7.3a Features of emerging nation

Answer 96

- drivers of global economic growth - domestic markets are huge investments - trade and political relationship with emerging nations - governments are open to investment and globalisation

Question 97

7.3a Rapid growth characteristics

Answer 97

- large workforce - geo-strategic location - room to diversify industries

Question 98

7.3a Covid impacts on emerging nations

Answer 98

- consumer spending less - cutting back on consumables - demand for products have fallen - oil production and demand fell - imports and exports came to a stop - lack of tourism in emerging countries

Question 99

7.3a What is the G20?

Answer 99

- top economies that meet together to discuss the Asian economy crisis in 1997 - has a considerable political influence - now more governments and financial ministers represent the country in meetings - sign of power and status - soft, smart power and having allies

Question 100

7.3a Conflicts with the G20?

Answer 100

- favours making profit and economic growth - contributes to social inequality - doesn't include all countries - doesn't always benefit everyone

Question 101

7.3b Brazil - political pros and cons

Answer 101

+stable government +regional leader in Latin America -hesitates to use its soft power through aid

Question 102

7.3b Brazil -economic pros and cons

Answer 102

+current economy is improving, can invest more into military and infrastructure +strong agricultural economy and exporter +growing middle class and maturing consumer economy -left leading priminister is increasing taxes to revive economy -education levels lag behind competitors

Question 103

7.3b Brazil - military pros and cons

Answer 103

- Only BRIC nations that doesn't have any nuclear weapons | - small military with only regional intervention capacity

Question 104

7.3b Brazil - demographic pros and cons

Answer 104

+the Portuguese language is universal | -problems with education system

Question 105

7.3b Brazil - environmental pros and cons

Answer 105

+doesn't rely on other regions due to no conflicts in region -needs to control the destruction of its forests

Question 106

7.3b Brazil - cultural pros and cons

Answer 106

+culture is appreciated across the world | +culturally influential in 2012 World Cup and 2016 olympics

Question 107

7.3b Russia - political pros and cons

Answer 107

+government well-liked with the people of Russia +permanent seat on the UN Security Council -Difficult diplomatic and geopolitical relationships with the EU and USA

Question 108

7.3b Russia -economic pros and cons

Answer 108

+huge oil and gas reserves are a source of wealth - extreme levels of inequality - economy is heavily dependant on oil and gas - few TNC's so rely on small businesses

Question 109

7.3b Russia - military pros and cons

Answer 109

+a nuclear power with very large military capacity +large military and powerful -don't invest in modern warfare

Question 110

7.3b Russia - demographic pros and cons

Answer 110

+stable population growth | -an ageing and declining population, is also unhealthy

Question 111

7.3b Russia - environmental pros and cons

Answer 111

-50% of all water in Russia is polluted

Question 112

7.3b Culturally - environmental pros and cons

Answer 112

-low bran recognition

Question 113

7.3b India - political pros and cons

Answer 113

- poor political relations with its neighbours especially in Pakistan - large amounts of corruption - ranks 81/180 most corrupt

Question 114

7.3b India - economic pros and cons

Answer 114

+expected to be 1 of top 3 powers in the world in the next 10 years - possible future resource shortages in water and energy - poor transport and energy infrastructure - very high levels of poverty

Question 115

7.3b India - military pros and cons

Answer 115

+nuclear armed, and has sophisticates space and missile technology -small military compared to other powers

Question 116

7.3b India - demographic pros and cons

Answer 116

+youthful population with large economic potential | +50% of pop under 30

Question 117

7.3b India - Environmental pros and cons

Answer 117

+solar power and renewable energy technologies | -air pollution has increased poverty

Question 118

7.3b India - culturally pros and cons

Answer 118

+English is widely spoken and graduate education is widespread +bollywood is influential

Question 119

7.3b China - political pros and cons

Answer 119

+largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions - regional influence limited by Russian power - tense relationships with its neighbours in south East Asia - plays a limited geopolitical role - not yet a leader on a global stage

Question 120

7.3b China - economic pros and cons

Answer 120

+highly educated, technically innovative population +soon to be the worlds largest economy and leads in fields such as renewable energy +modern infrastructure in terms of transport +Trumps 'america first' gave it a free pass of open borders and free trade -too dependant on exports and relies on imported of raw materials -rising wages makes its economy increasingly high cost for TNC's

Question 121

7.3b China - military pros and cons

Answer 121

+increasing agreements to have military bases globally +military technology and reach is growing and challenging the USA -few formal allies within Asia

Question 122

7.3b China - demographic pros and cons

Answer 122

+large population = large workforce | -will soon have problems with ageing population

Question 123

7.3b China - environmental pros and cons

Answer 123

+large investments in renewable energy - rapid deterioration of soil and water - major pollution issues in terms of air

Question 124

7.3b China - culturally pros and cons

Answer 124

+sends tourists and students abroad to promote culture | -lacks online presence - makes it difficult to spread culture no social media access

Question 125

7.3c What is Rostow's Model?

Answer 125

this is the modernisation theory to shows how some nations become wealthy and powerful -in 1960, Rostow outlined that a theory that argued that countries develop in 5 stages

Question 126

7.3c What are the features of the traditional society? -Rostow's model

Answer 126

- based on subsidence farming - no infrastructure - unstable governments - primary sector jobs - no geopolitical relationships - weak/volatile currency - IGO's

Question 127

7.3c How does a country move from The traditional society to pre conditions?

Answer 127

- stable government needed - rely on bottom up strategies by charities - Investment needs to be encouraged

Question 128

7.3c What are the features of pre-conditions take off? -Rostow's model

Answer 128

- building infrastructure - don't have fdi - government need to use soft power - focus on education for secondary jobs in manufacturing

Question 129

7.3c What is preventing a country from moving out of pre-conditions take off? -Rostow's model

Answer 129

- no global trade | - no TNC's

Question 130

7.3c What are the features of take off? -Rostow's model

Answer 130

- introduction to rapid growth of manufacturing industries - might encourage tourism - not exporting high-value goods - no good human rights - need education - to innovate and make high value products - earning more money - middle class will grow

Question 131

7.3c What are the features of the drive to maturity? -Rostow's model

Answer 131

-new ideas and technology improve and replace older industries, economic growth spreads throughout their country

Question 132

7.3c What are the features of high mass consumption? -Rostow's model

Answer 132

- need to improve inequality - human rights improved - democratic governments - growth of middle class - trade expands

Question 133

7.3c What is an import substitution economy?

Answer 133

- not reliant on anyone else - self sufficient - autarkic - substituted imports for products they can make themselves

Question 134

7.3c What is an export-led economy?

Answer 134

- based more on exports | - manufactured excess goods to export

Question 135

7.3c Pros and cons of rostows model

Answer 135

+gives possibility for every country to grow if it had right conditions -doesn't take into account : geopolitical relationships, economic recessions, inequalities, unstable governments

Question 136

7.3c What is the Kondraitiev cycle? - what does it say?

Answer 136

- shows the economy through time - makes predictions about the future - global economy will always be volatile - education and human resources are important - innovation is key for rebuilding the economy

Question 137

7.3c What is frank's dependancy model?

Answer 137

- core and peripheral countries - peripheral gives raw materials, workforce to core - core give manufactured goods, aid and polluting industries - core take raw materials and add value by manufacturing them

Question 138

7.3c How is Frank's dependancy theory relevant to superpower status?

Answer 138

- superpowers that control developing nations are gaining economic wealth and power by exploiting them - keeping these countries underdeveloped reduces the number of potential emerging powers - wealthy local elites, who own exporting/importing businesses and have political connections, benefit from the dependancy relationships because they control the limited trade in goods and services but the wider population does not benefit

Question 139

7.3c Pros of the dependancy theory

Answer 139

- shows the burden of aid - simple - still relevant today with 3 types of countries in development stages - acknowledges politics and importance of allies

Question 140

7.3c Cons of dependancy theory

Answer 140

- can be too simple - doesn't acknowledge mass migration - only acknowledges primary and secondary jobs - suggests that countries are permanently stuck in an underdeveloped state

Question 141

7.3c What is the world-systems theory - Wallerstein?

Answer 141

- 3 co-dependancies - all free flowing - implies migration and a greater flow of people - high consumption goods flow - core countries use semi-periphery countries as cheap locations to manufacture goods - core countries get large returns on the fdi in semi-periphery countries

Question 142

7.4a What does the World Bank do?

Answer 142

-makes development loans to developing countries but within a free market model that promotes exports, trade, industrialisation and private businesses which benefits large developed world tics

Question 143

7.4a What does the IMF do?

Answer 143

- promotes global economic security and stability and assists countries to reform their economies - economic reforms often mean more open access to developing economies for TNC's

Question 144

7.4a What does the WEF do?

Answer 144

- a non profit organisation that promotes globalisation and free trade via its annual meeting in Davos, which brings together the global business and political elite

Question 145

7.4b What is a state-led TNC?

Answer 145

-Companies that are owned by the government

Question 146

7.4b What are public TNC's?

Answer 146

whose shares are owned bu multiple shareholders - on the stock market

Question 147

7.4b How do state led TNC's project power?

Answer 147

- dominance in industry - hard power - can make more profit - monopolises the market so it has no competition - usually utility companies that everyone needs

Question 148

7.4b How do public TNC's project power?

Answer 148

- soft power | - Westernisation

Question 149

7.4b What are unicorns?

Answer 149

- a unicorn is a startup company value at over $1bn | - large TNC's

Question 150

7.4b What has cause the dominance of TNC's in the global economy?

Answer 150

- economies of scale - they can outcompete smaller companies - Their bank balances and ability to borrow money to invest has allowed them to take advantage of globalisation by investing in new technology - the move towards free market capitalism and free trade has opened up new markets, allowing them to expand

Question 151

7.4b How are TNC's important players in geopolitics?

Answer 151

- the size, global reach and wealth make them important in maintaining power and wealth - they are economic entities but their influence on prosperity gives them political as well as economic leverage - governments compete to attract them through tax breaks

Question 152

7.4b Why has there been an increase in TNC's in 2014?

Answer 152

- improve innovation - domestic markets growing - social media exploded - marketing changed, access to global market

Question 153

7.4b What is the Fortune 500 companies?

Answer 153

- biggest companies in the USA | - brand presence to exert soft power

Question 154

7.4b What is the global 500?

Answer 154

- biggest TNC's in the world | - 3 Chinese state owned TNC's in top 10

Question 155

7.4b Saudi Aramaco power

Answer 155

- most valuable company in the world - owns 20% of petroleum - controls prices and flows - state led by a corrupt government

Question 156

7.4b How does state owned TNC's relate to power?

Answer 156

Through state owned TNC's the government are keeping power which shows the communist views of it - investments into long-term development of their own country - neocolonialism and sovereign wealth funds

Question 157

7.4b What does Brand value/ brand equity mean?

Answer 157

the value of a brand measuring using metics such as market share, customer opinion of the brand and brand loyalty

Question 158

7.4b Characteristics of the culture of westernisation

Answer 158

- a culture of consumerism | - a culture of capitalism and the importance of attaining wealth

Question 159

7.4b McDonalds - westernisation

Answer 159

- 36,000 restaurants - serve 65 million a day - glocalisation of products into new cultures

Question 160

7.4b What is the process that occurs as western culture reaches new areas?

Answer 160

local adaptado (glocalisaiton) or hybridisation occurs as western culture reaches new areas

Question 161

7.4b How does the US influence through media?

Answer 161

- gives the USA the ability to constantly reinforce its cultural messages and values - Many IT companies and even retailers have branched out to become content providers in recent years - Google and Apple use cultural content which is often western - making IT and communications technology a very powerful delivery system

Question 162

7.4b The rise of TNC's

Answer 162

- been around since the 18th-19th century - rapid increase in 1960s from globalisation - global supply chains - providing jobs directly and indirectly

Question 163

7.4c What is included in trade with TNC's?

Answer 163

- commodities and knowledge | - TNC's invest lots of money into research and development

Question 164

7.4b Features of centrally planned economy

Answer 164

- government ownership of property and land - most businesses state owned and wages determined centrally - profits taken by the government and used to provide public services - prices controlled by the government which also controls the supply of goods and services

Question 165

7.4c What does the domination of global royalties reflect?

Answer 165

- existing superpowers and developed countries are paid for inventories and artistic works they created decades ago - Developed world TNC's are in the best position to invest in R+D, so patent holders tend to also be new patent developers - education is higher in developed countries - westernisation and cultural globalisation tend to spread US and European music, film and TV and brands

Question 166

7.4c Patents on global pharmaceuticals

Answer 166

- most patents are help by American or European countries making medication expensive - little investment in treatment for diseases in developing country due ti little profit - developed country TNC's have monopolised this market so can make high prices - many developing countries can't afford this - some developing competitors end up making ineffective medication instead

Question 167

7.4c Patents on GM crops

Answer 167

- most controlled by TNC's - under patent laws they own every crop produced by their seeds - farmers are forces to sign contracts to either agree to use certain TNC owned fertilisers or to not plant from seed the following year - GM engineers can prevent their sees from germinating so every new year new seeds need to be bought

Question 168

7.4c What do patent laws cause?

Answer 168

they create an incentive for research and development which therefore allows for innovation of technology, pharmaceuticals -use patience funding to fund r+d for innovation

Question 169

7.5a What is the UN security council?

Answer 169

the primary global mechanism for maintaining international peace and security -5 permanent members and 10 rotating non permanent

Question 170

7.5a How does the security council maintain international law?

Answer 170

- Applying sanctions to countries that are deemed to be a security risk, harbouring terrorism, threatening or invading another state or breaching human rights - Authorising the use of military force against the country - authorising a UN peacekeeping force, troops occupy a country or region under the UN flag to keep the peace in a conflict but new do not take sides

Question 171

7.5a Negatives of UN security council

Answer 171

- Anyone of the five permanent members can veto a decision, preventing it happening - The USA, UK and France tend to vote as one, as do Russia and China, leading to deadlock - The Security Council has been accused of passing resolutions condemning a countries actions but then failing to act to prevent these - huge network - communication wont be good - everyone has different political ideologies - relations and diplomacy are more important than votes

Question 172

7.5a When was the security council opened?

Answer 172

in 1945, Roosevelt proposed a council called the four policemen his vision was for the USA, UK, Russia and China would be responsible for maintaining global peace

Question 173

7.5a What does the security council do?

Answer 173

step one - special envoys , mediation fact finding missions Step 2 - if things become hostile, issue ceasefire directives, deploy peacekeeping troops and military observes Step 3 - enforcement measures: economic sanctions, arms embargoes , financial penalties and restrictions and travel bans

Question 174

7.5a How has the USA intervened militarily in forge in countries?

Answer 174

- as a part of a UN security council action - together with allied countries as a coalition but outside a UN remit - unilaterally, with no support from other countries

Question 175

7.5b Military NATO Aims

Answer 175

- To provide collective security (in 1949 against Soviet Union) but now in general (collective defence) - This allows for global security for these member countries, which means that the safety of these countries are guaranteed so therefore this mitigates against any conflict. - Helps to manage crisis situations - This means that through aid and economic help, member countries are able to contribute to development and poverty issues that are caused by conflict in other countries.

Question 176

7.5b Economic NAFTA aims

Answer 176

- Encourage economic activity between North America’s biggest economies - Allows for dependences to be created where all countries are economically benefitting therefore producing stability in Northern America. - The aim was to eliminate trade barriers between countries - This means that the movement of people and trade would be easier, which means that businesses and people were able to achieve a better income and standard of living therefore increasing the stability within these countries.

Question 177

7.5b Climate change UN aims

Answer 177

- Updates on climate change, to keep countries aware - This means that countries are able to be aware of the changes which means that the independent governments are able to make decisions about changes within its own country. - Allows for decisions to be made globally - This means that as a global community, decisions and agreements are made to meet targets and increase sustainability schemes globally which means that all governments are able to vote in these decisions increasing global stability.

Question 178

7.5b UN peacekeeping missions

Answer 178

- Helping countries that are war torn to reach peace - This means that the UN act as a mediator to research and stop conflicts which means that there is a reduction in risk of minor conflicts in getting more serious allowing for more global stability. - To encourage and assist with international peace and security - This means that through having troops around the world, the UN have a global presence which means that if there were to be any sudden conflict that arose, UN troops would be able to prevent this from escalating, encouraging global stability.

Question 179

7.5b ipCC

Answer 179

- Gives countries regular information - Gives options to mitigate the impacts of climate change - 195 countries are members - Some powerful countries (USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia) don’t want to use the IPCC findings - Provide governments with regular scientific assessments on climate change

Question 180

7.5c How has the UN grown?

Answer 180

``` 1945 - first meeting of the UN -promote social progress -human rights, prevents war 1960s - UN membership doubled struggled to make a difference due to globalisation - movement of people and media made people become more aware - UN had more things to deal with and this led to growth in departments ```

Question 181

7.5c UN international courts of justice

Answer 181

- Promote social progress and justice - Global community – helps to ensure that there is a strong sense of international justice - Extra layer to protect civilians from their own government – helps to prevent civil war

Question 182

7.5c UN climate change conferences

Answer 182

- Keeps countries aware and what future predictions are - Allows for decisions to be made globally - Natural disasters and more intense weather conditions - can lead to civil war or civil unrest

Question 183

7.5c UN peacekeeping missions

Answer 183

-It is a unique global partnership between the security council, general assembly, troops and police and the host governments to maintain international peace and security

Question 184

7.5c What does the UN do and why is it important?

Answer 184

- They help countries keep peace within their countries as well as helping war torn countries to become peaceful again - They have troops and police that they can deploy if needed - Facilitate political processes, protect civilians, promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law - This allows for the global presence of the UN, to encourage and assist with peace in many developing countries - Ceasefire to act like a mediator – research and prevent conflicts from escalating

Question 185

7.6a What ares one of the issues caused by high resource consumption of superpowers and emerging powers?

Answer 185

- urban air quality is low in emerging power cities due to coal during - dramatic use in car use - health implications air quality in Shanghai. - demand for fossil fuel, mineral and food imports plus manufactured goods exports, accounts for most of the worlds carbon emissions from shipping - deforestation and land degredation are issues in some emerging powers as they seek to convert more land into farmland, continue to urbanise, increase demand for water and increase the use of chemicals in farming to increase yields

Question 186

7.6a Why are there different actions and attitudes towards the environment?

Answer 186

- economic growth and personal development are prioritised by governments over environmental issues in some countries - high income countries can more easily afford renewable and alternative technologies to reduce emissions - compact, high density countries may find it easier to develop affordable public transport as a n alternative to car use

Question 187

7.7a Why are some resources contested?

Answer 187

- the land border between two countries is in dispute, such as the border between India and Pakistan - the ownership of a landmass is in dispute (Falklands with Argentines and UK) - the extent of a nations offshore exclusive economic zone is in dispute or claimed by another nation

Question 188

7.7a Exclusive economic zone

Answer 188

-the area of ocean extending 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline, over which a nation controls the sea and sub-sea resources.

Question 189

7.7a What are the attitudes to resources?

Answer 189

- tensions will increase if must have attitude is taken by TNC's and governments - if players invest into renewable energy or priorities conservation over resource exploitation - tensions are likely to reduce

Question 190

7.7a Recent developments of contested land

Answer 190

- UN convention on the law of sea states that anyone can claim land that is 200 nautical miles from the coastline - Arctic exclusive economic zones overlap here so there are multiple countries are laying claim to the seabed and resources - in 2007, a Russian sub staled under the North Pole and planted a Russian flag on the sea bed to claim it as there own

Question 191

7.7a Environmental importance of The Arctic

Answer 191

- important for the cooling of the Earth by albedo - Absorbing excess heat from the lower latitudes by convection - The permafrost and ocean sediments are large sinks of carbon dioxide and methane - Melting of this will be major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions - Important for the migration of species - Habitat for rare species – these are at risk of extinction - The Artic ocean is a mix of freshwater and ocean water that influences ocean currents around the globe - Too much freshwater could switch off some of the sea currents - Warming will increase forest fires = increase invasive species (pine beetles) - Isolation and environmental challenges have created selection pressures and specialisation

Question 192

7.7a Economic importance of The Arctic

Answer 192

- It holds about 22% of the world’s undiscovered hydro-carbon resources - Shell and other large oil companies are competing for drilling licenses - Estimated that in 2040 it will be an important trade route from Europe to Asia - Route is 40% shorter than the Panama Canal route - Ocean is much deeper – cargo ships can carry more - Cheaper and yield less greenhouse gas emissions - Tourism is increasing as the Artic becomes more accessible - This will bring higher likelihood of pollution and the effects of mineral extraction

Question 193

7.7a Political importance of The Arctic

Answer 193

- Denmark, USA, Canada, Norway, Russia - Continental shelf claims overlap - USA artic resource = $8 trillion whereas Russia = $22 trillion - Mineral extraction rights and fishing rights have created geopolitical tensions - 6 countries carrying out high levels of military patrols in the region = ‘sabre rattling’

Question 194

7.7a 3 possible approaches to the arctic

Answer 194

- business as usual - arctic framework - arctic global sanctuary

Question 195

7.7a Business as usual

Answer 195

- Individual territorial areas are managed by the respective countries - Countries set up and manage national parks - No framework set up for cooperation in the Arctic - Players work independently

Question 196

7.7a Business as usual - evaluation

Answer 196

- Market oriented, free trade approach - Relies on democracy and global co-operation - Relies on assumptions that there will be political co-operation, economic growth and avoidance of conflicts

Question 197

7.7a Arctic framework

Answer 197

- 1966 Ottawa Declaration – involves 8 countries - Just a forum but may become a treaty-based with regulatory powers - Includes management of fisheries and biodiversity - More of a proactive approach

Question 198

7.7a Arctic framework - evaluation

Answer 198

-Assumes that co-operation between countries will be possible and will acknowledge as benefitting all

Question 199

7.7a Arctic global sanctuary

Answer 199

- Similar to the International Antarctic Treaty in the southern hemisphere - The AGS (scientists) would create a Biosphere Reserve as suggests by the Greenpeace at the 2012 Rio+20 Earth Summit - This would leave the area untouched - This was not created like the Antarctica because the Arctic was populated, bordered with powerful land and resource exploitation was already well underway at the end of the 19th century

Question 200

7.7a Arctic global sanctuary - Evaluation

Answer 200

- May not be realistic to implement in this region that is heavily developed, populated and industrialised already - Humans had a presence in the Arctic for thousands of years (unlike Antarctica – only visited first in 1820s) - Indigenous groups and more recent colonial powers have already developed and exploited the Arctic for its resources and population pressure – region is home to 4 million

Question 201

Main issues with the plans for the arctic

Answer 201

- The effect of climate change will have on it - The ecological importance of this wilderness region - Insufficient research to allow risky activities such as the expansion of fisheries - Territorial disputes

Question 202

Benefits of climate change on the arctic

Answer 202

- Opening up for shipping routes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans will benefit commerce and local economies - Enhanced opportunities in tourism - More boreal forest due to changes in species – expand forests for timber production or carbon sink

Question 203

Costs of climate change on the Arctic

Answer 203

- Pollution threat – Oil spills - Effects on climate change regulation – melting ice and reduction in albedo - Impact on indigenous tribes – environmental refugees

Question 204

Counterfeiting problems

Answer 204

- counterfeiting supports organised gangs and the back market - fake branding is illegal under WTO rules

Question 205

What does WIPO do ?

Answer 205

World intellectual property organisation - aims to ensure that innovation and ideas can't be stolen - protect tnc's - if spending million on product development and ideas being copied - discourages innovation

Question 206

China's counterfeiting

Answer 206

- can be dangerous due to their technology being cheap - uses cyber hacking to steal innovation ideas from the US - TNC's are reluctant to set up or invest in China as their profits are likely to be reduced - Chinese government don't act on counterfeiting, can be taken as a sign that they will ignore other international laws

Question 207

7.7c What is a sphere of influence?

Answer 207

a physical region over which a country believes it has economic, military, cultural or political rights. - often they extend beyond the borders of a country and represents a region where the country believes it has a right to influence the policies of other countries - exerting power outside of borders - some locations have contested spheres of influence

Question 208

What happened in the 2010 election in Ukraine to enter the EU?

Answer 208

- Deciding whether to join EU or go to Russia - Split between country to what they want – Western part wants EU, eastern wants Russia - President (good relationship with Putin) – highly corrupt and human rights issues stopped joining of NATO – caused lots of protests from young people – armed fights between people and armed police - President got overthrown and went to Russia - Interim government put in place

Question 209

What happened to Crimea?

Answer 209

- Its Russian influence is very high - New president overthrows old president and gets Russian’s in - Russian troops get rid of Ukrainian troops through hard power - Alters between Russia and Ukraine ownership - Putin held a referendum in Crimea – this was seen as a violation of international law - Local people voted to remain Russian – very corrupt vote, not a legal vote

Question 210

What was the civil war in Ukraine about?

Answer 210

- Two eastern regions wanted to join Russian - Russian backed rebels and funded them – using troops - Many people died until major European leaders met and called a ceasefire

Question 211

Why is the Ukraine an important place for the EU or Russia's sphere of influence?

Answer 211

Russia would have access to: - Europe market - Trade agreements - Natural resources - Exports could go through Ukraine – more access to Asian markets - Buffer zone between Russia and Europe - east meets west - Major oil pipe flows through Ukraine

Question 212

What was Nato trying to do with influence of Ukraine?

Answer 212

trying to push further east so Ukraine would be an important destination for geopolitical presence – Russia is against this - due to the differences in ideologies of democracy and freedom and dint want cultural change in Russia

Question 213

Why did Russia take over Crimea?

Answer 213

- Russia has used Ukraine as a clear sign of their hard power – took over Crimea - US and NATO didn’t see this as a threat - Trying to land grab as a way to expand its sphere of influence

Question 214

Examples of contested spheres of influence

Answer 214

- Nuclear armed Pakistan and India have a long running territorial dispute over the ownership of Kashmir - This is further complicated by the Chinese occupation of a nearby area called Askai Chin, which is also claimed by India - Japan and Russia both claim ownership of the Kuril Islands which are currently under Russian control

Question 215

Why do disputes over sphere of influence occur?

Answer 215

- The balance of power changes such as when Pakistan tested a nuclear weapon in 1998, putting it on par with India in terms of military capability - Disputed territories are visited by high-level officials, such as when then Russian President Medvedev visited the Kuril Islands in 2010 which incensed Japan - Military ‘sabre rattling’ occurs such as flying jets or sailing naval vessels close to a disputed territory – this occurs in the SCS by both China and USA - New resources are discovered or suspected, such as the possibility of oil in waters off the Falkland Islands, governed by the UK but claimed by Argentina

Question 216

SCS - what is the 9-dash line?

Answer 216

- This relates to the sea and the territory collectively as the South China Sea islands. - Before 1952, it was known as the 11-dash line (1947) however Mao gave up China’s claims over the Gulf of Tonkin due to the communist camaraderie with Vietnam. - Many argue that the islands are small and unsignificant with little history and few people living there – therefore China lacks proof of historical dominance over this area.

Question 217

Why are their contested disputes over the SCS?

Answer 217

- Mostly due to territorial disputes and sovereignty disputes over the ocean areas - Disputes over rocky outcrop, atolls, sandbanks and reefs (Scarborough Shoal) - It also has oil reserves of at least 7 billion barrels and an estimated 900 trillion cubic feet of natural gas – good economic opportunities for smaller nations like Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam - China’s main maritime trading route to get to the western world – If this is blocked, they will suffer great economic loss. - Busiest shipping routes – almost 50% of all ships

Question 218

What happened in the SCS between 1947-1992?

Answer 218

1947 – The Republic of China publishes the first map including the 9-dash line which loops around almost the whole of the South China Sea – it claims water next to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. 1974 – Chinese forces occupy the western portion of the Paracel Islands (located in SCS) by planting flags and seizing groups of Vietnamese troops. China builds a military base including an airfield and artificial harbour on the largest Paracel island. 1982 – UNCLOS was formed – it created controls over nations continental shelves. It didn’t address the sovereignty issues of the SCS and hasn’t helped resolve any border disputes here. 1988 – Chinese navy sinks 3 Vietnamese Ships – most serious confrontation in the SCS. Beijing was using more assertive power to establish a physical presence – this comes at a time when China is relying on trade and maritime resources. 1992 – China lays claim to the entire South China Sea based on its historical right to the area. This was done for China to obtain more maritime security for itself. Beijing was the most active places at UNCLOS in attempting to block the US and Soviet Union’s efforts to secure freedom of navigation for warships.

Question 219

What happens in the SCS between 2009-2012?

Answer 219

2009 – Malaysia and Vietnam submit UN claims to extend their nautical continental shelves – this increases the friction over the maritime sovereignty in the SCS. 2010 – China becomes the second largest consumer and net importer of oil, heightening the strategic importance of trade routes in the East and South China seas for tanker shipments. 2011 – US announces the change of its strategic attention to the Asia-Pacific – new troop and equipment deployments here. 2012 – China had a leadership transition – changing the military strategy shift from land-based power to maritime China extends its unified coast guard with more concentrated capabilities in order to match Japan’s Coast Guard, the largest in the world.

Question 220

What happens between 2013-2020 in the SCS?

Answer 220

2013 – As maritime threats from China increase, Japan considers selling military equipment to push to raise its influence in the region. It announced that it will provide the Philippines with patrol boats to boost the country’s capabilities in the SCS and counter China’s growing presence in the region. 2015 – US navy patrol sails within 12 nautical miles to Chinese artificial island to assert freedom of navigation. 2018 – US and Chinese warships nearly collide – US was doing its routinely freedom of navigation operation. China condemns the US patrol as a threat to its sovereignty.

Question 221

Why are Vietnam and China tense?

Answer 221

– in 1979 there was a war between them as Vietnam invaded Cambodia, tensions were high anyway due to Vietnam taking the side of the Soviet Union in the cold war when China had aided Vietnam when battling France and the US previously. – this was the start of the border disputes between Beijing and Hanoi.

Question 222

How is Japan involved with SCS?

Answer 222

in 2012 they bought 5 Senkaku islands in the SCS which provoked China.

Question 223

How is Malaysia involved with SCS?

Answer 223

they submitted a claim to the UN, wanting to lay claim to extending its continental shelf which created tensions around the SCS.

Question 224

How is the Philippines involved with SCS?

Answer 224

they have had many soft power stand-offs with China in order to show sovereignty over the SCS. It has a pact with the USA, which can be dangerous for China as the US is extending its geopolitical reach. Going against the 9-dash line and says it’s not legally binding.

Question 225

How is the UN involved with the SCS?

Answer 225

Countries around the SCS have gone to the UN, laying claim to parts of the sea. However, this has created more tensions and there has been no real finality in the conflict around the SCS.

Question 226

How does SCS relate to soft power?

Answer 226

– Chinese passports display a map with the 9-dash line through the South China Sea – This is a maximalist claim to sovereignty and control over all the features within the area of the 9-dash line.

Question 227

How does SCS relate to hard power?

Answer 227

there have been many conflicts within the SCS, some of these include sinking of fishing boats, aiming weapons at boats, collision of boats. These can all signify coercion and attempts to scare opponents in order for China to get what it wants.

Question 228

How does SCS relate to smart power?

Answer 228

The US do their routinely freedom of navigation operation around the seas in order to show its presence around China.

Question 229

How does SCS relate to geopolitical reach?

Answer 229

The US has been involved with the conflict by creating pacts with The Philippines I n 2014.

Question 230

South China Sea impact on people

Answer 230

- Increased tension between countries in air and ship – could lead to potential conflicts - Small fishing boats are being targeted meaning many innocent people are being killed due to tense geopolitical relationships.

Question 231

South China Sea impact on the environment

Answer 231

- Created new artificial sand islands which have been built for military bases – this has been done through dredging which breaks up coral reeds which disturbs ecosystems and migration of species. - Increased military activity and commercial fishing has caused a loss of biodiversity in the SCS – it is a global hotspot for biodiversity - The presence of oil and gas reserves puts it more at risk of exploitation – increased shipping activity and potential oil and gas leaks also heighten the risk of pollution.

Question 232

Ukraine conflict impact on the people

Answer 232

- The conflict in Crimea, led to may force displacements of tens of thousands of people - Conflicts of Russia invading parts of Ukraine caused lots of death - Many protests in what people want either to side with the EU or Russia

Question 233

Ukraine conflict impact on the environment

Answer 233

- Added pressure to land with oil and gas pipes needed for access to Russia and Europe. - More pressure on land with military bases and army troops invading areas – caused lots of degradation to the land.

Question 234

SCS timeline for China's expansion

Answer 234

- 2014 – china began constricting an airport on the reclaimed land on Fiery Cross Reef - 2015 – China began construction of a port and possibly an airport on Mischief Reef - 2015 – Subi Reef appeared to be developed into a Chinese military base

Question 235

What is the importance of the artificial islands made by China in the SCS?

Answer 235

- Militarily – defending the ocean as an area it should control - Economically – they may harbour oil and gas reserves

Question 236

How has it used its sphere of influence in the SCS?

Answer 236

- By using the policy referred to as the Island Chain Strategy - Launched its first air carrier in 2012 and plans for 2 more by 2020

Question 237

What is happening in the South China Sea?

Answer 237

- Island building is a direct attack on the UN Law of the Sea as construction is happening in areas that are disputed – China is taking de facto control of places claimed by other countries - China is challenging the US naval and air hegemony in the area, and has begun to question the right of the US ships and aircraft to sail and fly in the disputed areas - Unresolved status of Taiwan – Chinese only ethnically, politically it is in limbo, fearful of cutting ties with China but protecting relationship with the US

Question 238

Why has the relationship of the USA and EU with other countries being accused of being unfair?

Answer 238

- Neo colonialism – superpowers pulling the economic and political strings of developing countries, despite not ruling them directly as during the colonial era - Unfair terms of trade – cheap commodity exports for the developing world set against expensive manufactured imports from developed countries - The brain drain of skilled workers from developing countries to boost developed world economies - Local wealthy elites, who control imports and exports in developing countries, benefitting from the neo-colonialism relationship but having no interest in changing it

Question 239

What does China gain from Africa?

Answer 239

- China relies on African oil from Angola and Nigeria – as well as minerals such as Zambian copper and even sugar and biofuels frown in Africa to fuel its growing economy - Africa increasingly imports Chinese manufactured goods and relies on Chinese investment in infrastructure like roads, rail and ports

Question 240

Concerns of the environmental impact China is having on Africa

Answer 240

- Chinese imports of tropical timber have been linked to widespread illegal deforestation in Mozambique - Oil spills linked to Chinese funded oil wells have been reported in Chad and Angola

Question 241

What is the evidence that the relationship with China and Africa is Neo-cololism related?

Answer 241

- Infrastructure investments ensure China can export raw materials as cheaply and efficiently as possible - Skilled and technical jobs are often filled by Chinese migrant workers - Cheap Chinese imports have undercut local producers and forced them out of business - tied aid

Question 242

What is the evidence for the development opportunity relationship? -between China and Africa?

Answer 242

- China has invested heavily in roads, railways and ports to export raw materials – infrastructure that can be used by Africans themselves - Chinese factories and mines bring modern working practices, and technology, to Africa - Vital jobs are created, especially by large industrial, transport and energy projects, which also modernise the economy

Question 243

What did China do in Congo?

Answer 243

-The extraction of the metallic ore coltan has led to widespread forest loss and river pollution, but is vital to Chinese mobile phone and computer manufacturers

Question 244

How does China into Africa link with previous interdependencies?

Answer 244

- The role of emerging powers in Africa are similar to the USA in Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore in the 1960s,70s as a political, economic and military ally whose investment aided long-term development towards NIC status - Or it could be the repeat of the colonial and imperial exploitation of previous centuries

Question 245

Why is China investing into Africa?

Answer 245

- Part of belt and road initiative – trade routes through countries to maximise its trade - To access landlocked countries in Africa for market access - to export raw materials for economic growth in China

Question 246

What do Africa actually need?

Answer 246

-Africa needs more jobs - Need broad base development – need more labour absorption then led to more domestic demand, more investment into manufacturing

Question 247

Positives for African countries with Chinese investment

Answer 247

- China has strengthened diplomatic relationships between the fragmented African countries - Kenya railway has linked the port of Mombasa and Nairobi - China’s loans are cheaper and often come with fewer strings attached – doesn’t care if they have human rights issues, debts in other countries or about transparency - China is communicating with local governments to meet needs of them

Question 248

Negatives for African Countries

Answer 248

- China extracts raw materials and in return gives technology or expensive manufactured goods - environmental impacts - labour problems - Many African countries are in tied aid (Djibouti - 77% of its debt is to China) - China sent many people to Africa for mining – created lots of hostility as any profit made was going back to China

Question 249

Positives for China

Answer 249

- more African countries are dependant on it - Important route for the belt and road initiative in order to increase connectivity for China - penetrating more countries - benefits of geopolitical location - China has military bases in Djibouti - gain voting power in large IGO's

Question 250

Negatives for China

Answer 250

- China are now interdependent on others - Lots of pressure from EU and US with accusations around human rights and over abstraction of resources - this impacts its international reputation - negative impact on diplomatic relations

Question 251

what has china done in Djibouti?

Answer 251

- Chinese military bases set up here - Geostrategic location - Creating diplomatic relationships - Stability in Djibouti will improve - 77% of debt is to China – most at risk of not being able to repay debt (drop of price of oil would make it more difficult)

Question 252

What has china done in Kenya?

Answer 252

- Not dissimilar to what happened in colonial times - However, it’s more of an equal partnership and feel that is benefitting them - Investing in railways to export goods to Kenya so that they are able to access the rest of Africa – connecting ports and cities (Nairobi) - Chinese owned rail company – profits go to China - Rail good for moving freight and people – intermodal containerisation - Rail is opening up landlocked countries for trade

Question 253

Why is Guam so politically important?

Answer 253

- It is a major military base of the US – Air force and Navy installations - This occupies 29% of the island - Near the SCS – can have rapid response to any conflicts there

Question 254

How has the centre of gravity shifted?

Answer 254

- AD1 – 1500 – India and China held the world economy. - Between 1820-1913 – The industrial revolution of the UK and other European countries rapidly pulled the world economy towards them. - After the second world war – the dominant US economy pulled it across, the European countries still had some power though. - Since 1990 – the centre of gravity has been shifted towards the east, especially China.

Question 255

Asia's rising power

Answer 255

- By 2050, it is predicted that Asia will be by far the world’s most populous continent and the world’s largest by GDP - Indonesia, China, India and Japan (all emerging superpowers) are expected to have economies greater than $5 trillion – giving them great military power (south china sea) - By 2030, there could be a strong case for India and Indonesia to have permanent seats on the UN security council. - India and China will be fighting for superpower position - China’s power has allowed it to take over Tibet and Taiwan (don’t recognise it as a country) - Mekong river – damning the northern stretches of the river which Laos and Thailand don’t like – water conflict - North - South project – china taking water away from Tibetan plateau

Question 256

Facts about India and China has superpowers

Answer 256

- 36% of the world’s population - 18% of global GDP - 32% of global carbon dioxide emissions - Both are members of the G20

Question 257

What is the relationship between India and China?

Answer 257

- Ideological rivals – India is the world’s largest democracy, whereas China is a communist dictatorship - Share borders but parts are disputed (Tawang conflict in 1967) - China has a strong economic alliance with Pakistan - $54bn Chinese investment in CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) – India and Pakistan have a tense relationship - India has a large trade deficit with China – imports more than it exports with China – China have made India dependant on them - Both have advanced space programmes – both rocket and nuclear missile technology good – both has aircraft carrier showing they have regional and global naval ambitions

Question 258

What has happened recently in Asia?

Answer 258

- Indian officials say that China is assisting rebel groups - This rebel group are fighting for a separate homeland in an areas between India and Myanmar’s border - Armed groups in Myanmar are acting as Beijing’s proxies by supplying weapons and providing hideouts for rebel groups in India’s north-eastern states - This is putting pressure on the Indian military as tensions with Pakistan and China remain

Question 259

recent 7 month stand off in Himalayas

Answer 259

- The region of the Himalayas has been a tense spot for China and India since 1962 - In June 2020, the Chinese military gradually built-up forces in the region (Galwan River Valley), which left 20 Indian soldiers dead and raised tensions to the highest point in decades - Both countries have positioned many troops and bases along that region, and they are only a few 100m apart. - China is ready for conflict and a long stand-off, whilst many suggest India will yield overtime to pressure, negotiate a compromise or lower its vigilance and give China an opportunity to inflict defeat on India.

Question 260

Why is the Middle East significant?

Answer 260

- Connects the east and the west - East- extremism, communist - west with freedom, democracy - Used to be main trading route – the original silk road for china would have gone through middle east, this was the first trading route (became melting pot of lots of different cultures = conflict)

Question 261

Who is Al-Qaeda

Answer 261

- Largest terrorist group that originated from the Middle East - Very against the US – due to a falling out between them - ISIS is a splinter group - Easy access to Europe – can travel freely around the world creating terror

Question 262

7th century - why was there conflict in Syria

Answer 262

Syria is centre point of many different cultures – Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, Anatolia (Turkey), the Mesopotamia region, Persia on the East and Arab on the south – when the religion of Islam spread

Question 263

Why is Damascus important?

Answer 263

- The oldest continuously inhabited city – early mentions of it go back to 1500BC - Before Syrian conflict, most religious buildings and was an important part of trading route (nodal point) - Strategically advantageous location – had river and shielded by mountains - It became a huge Islamic empire - Mostly controlled by the government and is in 6th year of war

Question 264

Syrian war - what happened after the world war? part 1

Answer 264

- After the first world war – boundaries were re-drawn for territories around Syria by UK and France - Syria was controlled by France which combines many different ethnic groups - Majority Muslim – within this there are different types of Muslims (Sunni, Shia and Alevis) don’t like each other - Other religions such as Christian and Druze

Question 265

Syrian War - who became leader and why did this cause conflict? Part 2

Answer 265

- Alevis Muslims controlled coastal area of Syria – ASSAD was from this part and Alevis – segregation in terms of culture and religion - Inequalities have started to increase – Alevis were benefitting, Sunni and Shia didn’t feel they were being benefitting with the increase in wealth - Economic growth came from agricultural industry and oil industry - 2011 - Lots of cities went to protest against Assad to end the Assad regime – he then sends the army in to all the cities to stop the rebels

Question 266

Syrian Conflict - who are the different groups? What kind of war is it now? part 3

Answer 266

- Syrian government, opposition armies (civilians) , ISIS, Rojava (Kurds in the North) - US is backing the opposition – US is providing opposition with SAS training and weapons - Russia is backing Syrian government – Proxy war - ISIS control a large part of Syria – around a river - Rojava – saying it will protect northern region and keep control of ISIS from rising up – smaller militia – formed of many British troops - Rojava and Syrian government have many conflicts - it is a proxy war

Question 267

Why does Syria and Turkey have a tense relationship?

Answer 267

- Syria and Turkey have a tense relationship due to Syria’s support of the Kurdish PKK as well as disputes over Turkish dams which reduce the flow of the Euphrates river - During the war, Turkey has been backing opposition groups and is strongly pushing against the autonomous rights of Rojava

Question 268

Syrian war - Why has this turned into a global conflict?

Answer 268

- Rojava have a broad, global support network - United Nations veto powers conflict – which have separated into an eastern (China and Russia) and western group (USA, UK, France) - The USA is supporting the rebels in their fight to get rid of Assad - Russia and China are strong supporters of the Assad Government with Russia actively involved in the war

Question 269

What happened in Aleppo?

Answer 269

- The eastern part of the city is under rebel control surrounded by government troops - The rebels denied giving up which led to the eastern part of the city to be bombed by Russian airstrikes - This cut many civilians off from food and medical supply

Question 270

Facts of the impacts the Syrian war has caused

Answer 270

- 4.8 million refugees - 6.6 million displaced within Syria - 500,000 killed since the start in 2011

Question 271

How is Turkey involved in the Syrian War?

Answer 271

- Kurds were fighting ISIS in 2019 - US did back the Kurds to keep ISIS at bay and defeated ISIS in 2019 - Trump told troops to withdraw –only wanted to reduce international terror - Turkey then invaded Rojava as the US left – did it due to being unhappy of the size of the Kurds - Kurdish terrorists in Turkey – as Kurds are a displace ethnic group so committed attacks in Turkey due to their feeling of oppression - Turkey don’t want Kurdish border - Turkey want to establish a 300-mile border to keep away the Kurdish but also give a home to those displaced

Question 272

Who are the Kurds?

Answer 272

- ethnic group | - want interdependence in the Northern parts of Syria called Rojava

Question 273

How are Iraq and Iran involved in the Syrian war?

Answer 273

- Authoritarian government - Same ideology as Assad - Backing Assad, providing money and troops

Question 274

How is Israel involved in the Syrian war?

Answer 274

- Israel has been bombing the south of Syria to protect themselves from Hezbollah - Hezbollah terrorist group that operate in Israel - They have been supporting Assad - Worried that Iran and Iraq are becoming too powerful - If Iran and Iraq gain power, Israel may lose power to Hezbollah

Question 275

How are Saudi and Qatar involved?

Answer 275

- Worried about Iraq and Iran gaining power - Funding the rebel forces - Saudi Arabia don’t like Iran due to it wanting to take on more western ways and don’t want Assad to gain any more power

Question 276

Opposition forces

Answer 276

- there are good and bad - good - pro democracy and freedom - bad - ISIS - terror

Question 277

Why does Russia not want Syria to fall to the west?

Answer 277

-Russia doesn’t want Syria to fall to the west as they use it as a strategic location to use the port

Question 278

How does Libya relate to the Syrian War?

Answer 278

Libya – Arab spring uprising – overthrowing the government - NATO went into Libya and promised to help civilians but went in and assassinated the government - Now helps to run it with western influence - Russia doesn’t want this to happen to Syria

Question 279

What is the Geneva convention?

Answer 279

-Geneva convention – law of war – civilians should not be harmed, prisoners should have respect, medical supplies should be able to get in, can’t bomb hospitals

Question 280

What happened when Assad bombed Aleppo?

Answer 280

- Assad repeatedly bombed Aleppo to try and wipe out the rebel groups – but this killed many civilians – breaking the international declaration of human rights – which was the USA’s reason to get involved - UN tried to get involved but China and Russia vetoed the plan to bomb Syria – so therefore Trump went to NATO which decided to bomb Syria

Question 281

What are the costs of being a superpower?

Answer 281

- Environmental damage – increased interconnection from urbanisation and migration - International reputation – from expanding geopolitical intervention - Diplomatic relations may become tense – through contested land - Involvement in disputes – proxy wars – can lead to human rights issues as superpowers aren’t taking responsibility – Costs for funding it as well, as well as people dying - Certain level of inequality – want to keep TNC’s as powerful as possible – leads to wealth but lots of inequality - Aid – large amounts of money to support others - Costs from building brand and image – international events - have to create interdependencies - Costs to go into IGO’s – need money and people – lots of diplomatic relations needed so that people vote in your favour

Question 282

Why have we become economically weak?

Answer 282

debt unemployment economic restructuring

Question 283

why have we become economically weak? debt

Answer 283

•the recession created public debt. This in turn created tax rises in some countries which slows the economy. •If taxes aren’t risen, austerity measures are put into place. •A geopolitical risk is that countries begin to rely on capital investments from emerging countries increasing their political and economic power. -Public debt can lead to austerity measures -High reliance on capital investments

Question 284

why have we become economically weak? unemployment

Answer 284

- Outsourcing from TNC’s has taken jobs away from western countries - Emerging nations have more skilled, cheaper labour - Increased competition, more creative and efficient manufacturing in emerging countries has created job losses for western TNCs eg General motors. - European TNCs are increasingly owned by conglomerates from emerging countries so secondary sector workers increasingly rely on decisions made abroad.

Question 285

why have we become economically weak? economic restructuring

Answer 285

- Change in job sectors has caused inequalities - From manufacturing and tertiary to more quaternary jobs - The EU and USA have been forced to move from manufacturing to tertiary and quaternary sectors - But education and skills hasn’t developed fast enough. - Disadvantages communities haven’t been able to participate in the tertiary or quaternary job market.

Question 286

Challenges for the usa - debt

Answer 286

- Large debt of $19 trillion in 2016 | - Has large, stable TNC’s

Question 287

Challenges for the usa - demographic

Answer 287

- Has a slowly ageing population - Social costs fall on individual rather than government - Total population increase from 324million to 415 million in 2060

Question 288

Challenges for the usa - political

Answer 288

- Race relations are difficult - Political parties reach deadlock - USA values are relatively consistent across the country

Question 289

Challenges for the usa - resources

Answer 289

- USA are becoming more secure in their resources due to oil and gas fracking - Water is becoming an issue in some areas of the southwest

Question 290

Challenges for the usa - social

Answer 290

- Health spending is approx. 17% of the USA’s annual GDP (74% of Adult Americans - are overweight) - Little prince syndrome in China – due to the one child policy this has led to children being spoilt which can create dangerous people when they grow up

Question 291

Challenges for the EU - economic

Answer 291

- Debt in the Eurozone was 9.7 trillion euros in 2016, and £1.6 trillion in the UK - 90% of the annual GDP for both - Debt is slowing economic growth

Question 292

Challenges for the EU - demographic

Answer 292

- The EU population is ageing fast - By 2025, 20% of the EU citizens will be over 65 - The EU workforce will drop by 14% by 2040 putting a burden on those working

Question 293

Challenges for the EU - political

Answer 293

- Tensions between countries wanting deeper union (France and Germany) and the UK have grown - This has resulted in the rise of the far right. Relationships with Russia and issues over immigration have led to issues.

Question 294

Challenges for the EU - resources

Answer 294

-Energy security is a key EU issue, as it relies on imported oil and gas, some of which comes from Russia

Question 295

Challenges for the EU -social

Answer 295

- Youth unemployment in the EU was 22% in 2015, and over 45% in Greece and Spain. - Long term youth unemployment risks a ‘lost generation’ of young people, as well as political disaffection