Q: What is the skeletal system?
Q: What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?
- dynamic, living tissue made up of variety of cells and their secretions.
- pg 49
Q: Are bones and cartilages in the skeleton alive?
what happens if they are damaged?
Q: How does the skeleton protect internal organs?
with which system the skeletal works to do what?
bone structure in short?
A: Yes, bones & cartilages are made of living cells & have nerves and blood vessels. They grow & can repair themselves.
* by encasing them in bone structures, such as the skull protecting the brain, the vertebral column protecting the spinal cord, & the ribs protecting most of the other internal organs
* works very closely with the muscular system to help us move.
* pg 49
what is cartilage?
what are its cells called? where they placed? function?
The matrix of cartilage contain ______.
why is it (cartilage) more flexible?
_________ do not enter cartilage.
types?
- a dense, clear blue-white firm connective tissue (but less strong than bone).
- chondrocytes secretes matrix
- Each chondrocyte lies in a fluid space called lacuna present in the matrix of cartilage
- collagen fibres
- Blood vessels
- 3 types hyaline, elastic, fibrous
where is hyaline found? structure?
where is fibrous found? structure?
- flexible.
covers the ends of the long bones, in the nose, larynx, trachea. - Fibrous cartilage is very tough & less flexible due to large number of thick collagen fibres present.
It is found in intervertebral discs.
is bone a tissue? function?
the hardest connective tissue in body.
Bones not only move, support & protect the various parts of body but also produce red and WBCs & store minerals. pg 51
What is the outer layer of a bone called? is it hard or soft?
What is the interior of a bone called? is it hard or soft?
what does it contain?
What does the matrix of bones contain?
How does the cell composition of cartilage differ from that of bones?
What are mature bone cells called? where? function?
what are compact bones composed of?what does it contain?
- compact bone hard
- spongy bone soft & porous
- Spongy bone contains blood vessels and red bone marrow
- collagen minerals e.g. calcium & phosphate
- Cartilage contains a single type of cell, while bones contain different types of cells.
- osteocytes pg 49
- closely packed tubular unit called osteons.
- consists of central canal which is surrounded by.. and has blood vessels and nerve
where is yellow bone marrow present?
why is injured cartilage slow to heal?
what is contribution of vesalius?
what is the only bone that does not articulate with other bone?
where is Elastic found? structure?
similar in structure to hyaline cartilage. It is also quite strong but has elasticity
due to a network of elastic fibres in addition to collagen fibres.
It is found in epiglottis, pinna etc.pg 50
Q: How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
Q: How many bones are in the skull?
Q: How many middle ear ossicles are there?
Q: What is hyoid bone?
Q: How many vertebrae are there?
Q: What are the components of the chest in the axial skeleton?
- 80 bones
- 22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial)
- 6 (3 in each ear)
- found in the neck as part of the axial skeleton
- Vertebral column contains 26 bones (vertebrae)
- The chest is made of a chest bone called sternum & 24 (12 pairs) ribs.
vertebrae= bones
Q: How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Q: How many bones are in both hands?
Q: How many bones are in both feet?
Q: How many bones does arm have?
Q: What girdle has 4 & 2 bones?
Q: what is the largest & smallest bone in human body?
Q: which part of bone has nerves?
A: 126 bones
A: 54 bones
A: 54 bones
A: 6 bones
A: 4; Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
2; Pelvic girdle (hips)
A: thigh bone & stapes bone
A: central canal which is part of osteon which is in compact bone which is outer part of bone.
how are 206 bones organized in the human body?
what is a joint?
they are organized into a longitudinal axis i.e. axial skeleton, to which appendicular skeleton is attached.
the location at which two or more bones make contact.
function of joints?
on what basis are the classified? types?
They allow movement & provide
mechanical support.
on the basis of the degree of movement they allow. 3
Immoveable joints: Such joints allow no movement e.g. the joints b/w the skull bones.
Slightly moveable joints: Such joints allow slight movements e.g. joints b/w the vertebrae.
Moveable joints 2 major types
Ball-and-socket joints
explain moveable joints? give 4 examples? are there types?
allow a variety of movements e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint, elbow joint, knee joint etc. There are many types of moveable joints in body. The main types are hinge joints & ball and-socket joints.
describe the types of moveable joints? with examples
Hinge joints move back & forth like the hinge on a door & allow movements
in one plane only. The knee & elbow are hinge joints.
Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in all directions. The hip & shoulder joints are ball-and socket joints.
tendons and ligaments?
pg 53
What is the role of skeletal muscles in movement?
What are the origin and insertion in skeletal muscles?
What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?
- Skeletal muscles bring about movement by contracting & pulling on bones, which are attached to them by tendons.
- The origin is the end of a skeletal muscle attached to an immovable bone, while the insertion is the end attached to a movable bone.
- it becomes shorter & thicker, pulling the movable bone at the insertion.
What are antagonistic muscles?
what is flexion?
what is extension
- pairs of muscles that perform opposite actions; when one contracts, the other relaxes.(antagonism)
- When a muscle contracts & bends the joint, it is known as flexor muscle & movement is called flexion.
- When a muscle contracts & straightens the joint, it is known as extensor muscle & the movement is called extension.
What is an example of antagonistic muscles?
where is the origin & insertion at?
- Biceps is a flexor muscle on the front of the upper arm bone while Triceps is an extensor muscleon the back of arm.
- Both these muscle have their origin at pectoral girdle and insertion at one of the two bones offorearm.
what happens when biceps contracts?
what happens when tricpes contracts?
- the forearm (insertion end) is pulled upward. It is the flexion of
elbow joint. During this flexion, triceps muscle relaxes. - forearm is pulled down. It is the extension at elbow joint. During it, biceps muscle relaxes
What point of attachment is pulled when a muscle contracts?
what is estrogen horomone function?
label the diagrams in book
- Insertion
- It is one of the functions of esterogen to deposit minerals in bones. When the reproductive
cycle stops in females, not enough esterogen is secreted.
what is osteoporosis? what type of people have it? what happens in it? cause and prevention?
- a bone disease in adults, especially in old people. It is more common in old women.
- In osteoporosis, there is a decrease in the density of bones due to loss of calcium & phosphorus.
What is arthritis?
What are the common symptoms of arthritis?
How is arthritis treated?
- Arthritis means “inflammation in joints” and is common in old age and women.
- pain and stiffness in joints, particularly in weight-bearing joints such as the hip and ankle.
- painkillers and anti-inflammatory medicines.
causes Osteoarthritis? where does it occur?
What happens to joints in Osteoarthritis? causes? treatment?
- due to degeneration in the cartilage present at joints or due to decreased
lubricant production at joints. - cartilage degeneration or decreased lubricant production can cause fusion of the bones at joint, making the joints totally immovable.
rheumatoid arthritis? treatment?
