primary source
original research (ex. articles in research journals)
secondary source
review articles
tertiary source
summary versions with references to primary/secondary sources (ex. drug databases-Lexicomp, text books)
Advantages of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms (2)
- accommodate precise, non-standard dosing
- easy to administer (oral, enteral feeding tubes)
Disadvantages of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms (4)
- less stable = shorter BUD
- difficult to mask taste/smell
- specific storage (refrigerator)
- safety - requires measuring devices, adequate measuring abilities, variability in standard concentrations
Standardize 4 Safety Initiative
effort to standardize medication concentrations to decr errors during transitions of care
a. use a commercial product 1st
b. consider taste/palatability - to incr pt tolerability
c. must have primary literature support with stability studies
d. reimbursement related to product use
Precautions to Ensure safe compounding of oral liquid dosage forms: (8)
- standardize 4 safety initiative
- select compounding reciples from ASHP when possible
- verify dosing units
- label includes concentration AND dose as dosing units and ml
- store properly
- keep out of reach of children
- demonstrate measuring/administration
Desired properties of compounded suspensions (4)
- fine, uniform particles
- uniform dispersion of particles in liquid
- slow settling of particles
- ease of redistribution when shaken
How to manipulate properties to gain desirable suspensions:
- decr particle size —– by triturating powders for small uniform size
- decr difference in density between solid + liquid — by incr density of liquid (using sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol)
- incr viscosity of liquid —- by using viscosity inducing agent (acacia, methylcellulose)
- easy to redistribute when shaken —- using flocculating agents
flocculating agents
electrolytes that create controlled, lacework-like structure of particles help together by weak bonds that break apart when shaken —- incr ease of redistribution when shaken
BUD when stability specific formulation is not known
14 days
