Systemic

Question 1

Normal WBC for a CBC

Answer 1

3,500 to 11,000 cells/mcL

Question 2

Normal Hematocrit % for a CBC

Answer 2

35%-45% Women
39%-50% Men

Question 3

Normal Platelets for a CBC

Answer 3

150,000-450,000/mcL

Question 4

Normal RBCs for a CBC

Answer 4

3.9-5.1 Million cells/mcL in women
4.3-5.7 Million cells/mcL in men

Question 5

Normal Hemoglobin for a CBC

Answer 5

11.5-15.5 g/dL in women
13-17g/dL in men

Question 6

Life span of a RBC

Answer 6

120 Days

Question 7

Condition in which RBC is elevated d/t high altitude, congenital disease, blood cancer, or dehydration.

Answer 7

polycythemia

Question 8

Hemoglobin A1c over this percent is indicative of Diabetes

Answer 8

6.5%

> 6.5 is diabetic
< 6.5 but > 5.7 is prediabtic
< 5.7 is normal

Question 9

How is Diabetes diagnosed with Fasting Plasma Glucose

Answer 9

A measurment ≥126mg/dL on 2 separate occasions

> 126 mg/dL is diabetic
< 126 but > 100 mg/dL is prediabetic
< 100 mg/dL is normal

Question 10

Calculation for determing elevated ESR

Answer 10

Females: ESR > Age +10 / 2
Males: ESR > Age / 2

Question 11

Define Test Sensitivity

Answer 11

Percentage of patients that actually have the disease and test “+”

Question 12

Define Test Specificity

Answer 12

Percentage of patients that do not have the disease and test “-“

Question 13

Latin terms for the 4 signs of inflammation

Answer 13

CALOR = Heat
DOLOR = Pain
RUBOR = Redness
TUMOR = Swelling

Question 14

Where is IgA found in the body?

Answer 14

Inside the nose, airways, digestive tract, ears, eyes, tears, saliva, and blood

Question 15

Most common Antibody

Answer 15

IgG

Question 16

Only antibody that can cross the placenta

Answer 16

IgG

Question 17

Largest antibody

Answer 17

IgM

Question 18

First antibody made in response to an infection

Answer 18

IgM

Question 19

Where is IgE found in the body

Answer 19

Mucous membranes, Skin, and lungs

Question 20

What antibody is responsible for parasitic infections?

Answer 20

IgE

Question 21

What antibody is elevated in allergies and allergic reactions?

Answer 21

IgE

Question 22

What is the cascade of events in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 22

Allergen activiates B lymphocyte –> IgE antibodies are produced and bind to mast cells and basophils –> Histamine is released

AKA Anaphylaxsis

Question 23

Type I hypersensitivity reaction is also called

Answer 23

Anaphylactic reaction

Question 24

Type II hypersensitivity reaction is also called

Answer 24

Cytotoxic reaction

Question 25

What is the cascade of events in a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 25

Antibodies bind to antigens (may be foreign or self) --> causes B-cell response, activation of IgG/IgM and the complement pathway ## Footnote Cytotoxic reaction

Question 26

When is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction seen clinically?

Answer 26

RH Disease and Rheumatic fever ## Footnote Cytotoxic reaction

Question 27

Type III hypersensitivity reaction is also called

Answer 27

Immune mediated reaction

Question 28

What is the cascade of events in a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 28

Antigen/Antibody complexes activate complement response --> causes tissue destruction ## Footnote Immune mediated reaction

Question 29

When is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction seen clinically?

Answer 29

Seen in Lupus and in Rhematoid Arthritis ## Footnote Immune mediated reaction

Question 30

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is also called

Answer 30

Cell Mediated

Question 31

What is the cascade of events in a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 31

T-Lymphocytes encounter an antigen --> they release Leukokinin leading to macrophage activation

Question 32

When is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction seen clinically?

Answer 32

PPD Test, contact dermatitis, transplant rejection

Question 33

Systemic Medications that cause Whorl Keratopathy

Answer 33

**CHAI-T** Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Amiodarone Indomethacin Tamoxifen

Question 34

What VF should be performed for monitoring for Plaquenil Toxicity?

Answer 34

VF 10-2 for non-asians VF 30-2 for asians

Question 35

What is Hypercapnia

Answer 35

Excess Carbon Dioxide

Question 36

Conditions that can falsely **elevate** A1c levels:

Answer 36

-Iron deficiency anemia -Any process that slows erythropoiesis increases A1c by maintaining an older erythrocyte cohort in the blood plasma (e.g. aplastic anemia) -Alcoholism -Hyperbilirubinemia -Certain medications (high doses of salicylates, chronic opioid use)