1
Q
What are the levels of the structural organisation?
- name examples
A
There are 6 levels:
- Chemical: building blocks of the body
- atoms form to make molecules - Cellular: Basic structural and functional units of the body
- cardiac muscle cell - Tissues: groups of cells which work together to perform a specific function
- cardiac muscle - Organs: a structure which is made out of 2 or more tissue types ith specific function
- heart - System: consists of related organs which work together with a common function
- Cardiovascular system - Organismal: all the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism
- the individual
2
Q
How many systems are there in the body?
- name them
A
Muscular
Urinary
Reproduction
Digestive
Endocrine
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
3
Q
Name the 6 components of the integumentary system
A
- Cutaneous membranes
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous glands
- Nails
- Hypodermis
- Sensory receptors
4
Q
What makes up the cutaneous membranes?
A
- Epidermis
- protect deeper tissues by covering the surface - Dermis
- Vit. D production
- feed epidermis
- strength
- where glands are found
5
Q
What is the function of sweat glands?
- and what gland does it include?
A
Thermoregulation (evaporative cooling via sweat)
- mammary glands
6
Q
What is the function of the hair follicle?
- and what are the 2 subsets and functions?
A
A hair follicle is for sensation through innervation nerves.
- Hair is for protection
- Sebaceous glands are for lubricating hair shaft and epidermis
7
Q
What is the function of the nails?
A
Protecting and stiffening digits
8
Q
What is the function of the sensory receptors
A
Detect sensations
9
Q
What is the function of the hypodermis?
A
Stores fat. The lowest level of the skin
- attaches the skin to deeper layers.
10
Q
What are the two components of the muscular system?
A
- Skeletal muscles
- axial and appendicular - Tendons and apponueroses.
11
Q
What is the function of the skeletal muscles? (6)
A
- Provide skeletal movements
- Support skeleton
- Contain stuff for prod. of blood cells
- Support soft tissues
- Prod. heat
- Control DUR systems
12
Q
What are the subsets of skeletal muscles and their function?
A
- Axial
- support and positioning of skeletal muscle - Appendicular
- support and move and brace limbs
13
Q
What is a tendon?
- and what is the CT type?
A
Muscle to bone attachment
- dense regular CT
14
Q
What is the function of aponeuroses?
- Where can you find this?
A
Muscle to muscle attachment
- Abdominal muscles (six-pack muscles)
15
Q
What is the function of tendons and aponeuroses?
A
Translates contractile forces into tasks
16
Q
What are the components of the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilage, joints, and bone marrow.
17
Q
What are the subsets of bone, cartilage, and joints?
A
Axial:
- protect the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues
- support body weight over lower limbs
Appendicular:
- provide internal support and positioning of the external limbs
- support the axial skeleton and ain in movement
18
Q
What are the 2 subsets of bone marrow and their functions?
A
Red
- RBC prod (in the flat bones like the pelvic girdle, sternum)
Yellow
- Fat cell/adipocyte storage (long bones in the medullary cavity where the adipose tissue is stored)
19
Q
What are the three components of the nervous system?
A
CNS
PNS
Special Senses
20
Q
What are the roles of the CNS? (2)
A
- Control centre
2. Short-term control over other systems
21
Q
What are the two subsets of CNS?
A
Brain, and spinal cord
22
Q
What is the function of the brain? (2)
A
- Complex integrative activities
2. Controls voluntary and involuntary tasks
23
Q
What is the function of the spinal cord? (2)
A
- Relays info to and from brain
2. Perform less complex integrative activities
24
Q
What is the role of PNS?
A
Link other systems and sense organs
25
What is the role of special senses?
Sensory input to the brain for senses and homeostasis
26
What are the three components which make the cardiovascular system?
Blood vessels, heart, and blood
27
What are the three types of blood vessels and their function?
Arteries = carry blood AWAY from heart
Veins = carry blood to the heart
Capillaries = diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids ( fluid between cells)
28
What are the functions of blood? (6)
- and how is the heart involved?
1. Transport O2 and CO2
2. Transport of nutrients, waste, and hormones
3. Regulation of water content
4. Regulation of temperature
5. Defence against illness (immune cells)
6. A/B balance (-HCO3)
29
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
30
What is the role of the thymus?
Development and maturation of T-cell lymphocytes
31
What is the role of the spleen?
1. Recycle RBC
2. Monitor circulation of blood cells
3. Stimulate immune response
4. Phagocytosis of pathogens
32
What is the role of the lymph nodes? (3)
1. Monitor comp of lymph
2. Phagocytosis of pathogens
3. Stimulate immune response
33
What are common functions fo the spleen and lymph nodes?
Engulf pathogens and stimulate an immune response
34
What is the role of the lymphatic vessels? (2)
1. Carry lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues (tissues of the immune system) to veins of CV system
35
What are the three components of the male repro system?
Testes
Accessory organs
External Genetalia
36
What makes up accessory organs and how are they related? (5)
Produce sperm
- Both seminal and prostate glands produce seminal fluid/sperm
(ductus deferens, epididymis. urethra, exterior)
37
What makes up external male genitalia?
Penis for reproduction and thermal
Scrotum control testes
38
What are the five components fo the female repro system?
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Vagina/External genetalia
Mammary glands
Uterus
39
What do you find in the ovaries?
Oocytes and hormones
40
What are the uterine tubes? (2)
Deliver oocytes and location of fertilisation
41
What is the role of vagina/external genitalia?
Lubrication and sperm reception and birth canal
42
What is the role of the uterus?
Embryonic development
43
What is the role of mammary gland?
Nutrition for newborn
44
What are the components (4) of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Bladder
Ureters
Urethra
45
What is the role of the kidney? (4)
Form concentration urine
Blood volume and bp
Reg H and ions
Endocrine function
46
What does the kidney do in endocrine system?
Secretes EPO (erythropoietin hormone) which increase RBC prod
47
What is the role of the bladder?
store urine before elimination
48
What is the role of ureters?
Conduct urine to bladder
49
What is the role of urethra?
Conduct urine to the exterior
50
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
51
What is the role of the paranasal sinuses/nasal cavity?
Filter warm humidify air and detect smells
52
What is the role of the pharynx?
Conducts air to the larynx
53
What is the role of the larynx? (2)
1. Protect opening of the trachea
| 2. Contains vocal chords
54
What is the role of the trachea?
1. Filter air
| 2. Cartilage keeps opening open
55
What is the role of the bronchi?
Conduct air between the trachea and lungs
56
What is the role of the lungs (2)?
1. Gas exchange of O2 and CO2
| 2. A/B control
57
What are the 9 components of the endocrine system?
1. Pancreas
2. Thyroid
3. Thymus
4. Gonads
5. Pineal gland
6. Adrenal gland
7. Kidneys
8. Pituitary
9. Parathyroid
58
What is the role of the pancreas?
- endocrine
- exocrine
- glucose function secretes insulin from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans
- gives out enzymes to aid in digestion
59
What is the role of the thyroid?
- metabolic rate
| - calcium levels
60
What is the role of the kidney?
- RBC prod
- BP
- calcium levels
61
What is the role of the thymus?
Maturation and development of lymphocytes
62
What is the role of pituitary?
- controls many other endocrine glands
- regulates growth
- regulates fluid balance
63
What is the role of the parathyroid?
- calcium levels
64
What is the adrenal gland?
- water balance
- tissue metabolism
- cardio and resp function
65
What is the pineal gland?
- day/night timing
| - reproduction timing
66
What is the function of the gonads?
- -sexual characteristics
| - reproduction
67
Testes and Ovaries: which systems?
Reproductive, Endocrine
68
Mammary glands: which systems?
Endocrine, integumentary, reproductive
69
Thymus: which systems?
Endocrine, lymphatic
70
Kidney: which systems?
Urinary, endocrine
71
Pancreas: which systems?
Endocrine, digestive
72
Prod. blood cells: which systems?
Muscular, skeletal, lymphatic
73
Regulation of blood vol: which systems?
Urinary, endocrine
74
Pharynx: which systems?
digestive, respiratory
75
Urethra: which systems?
Male repro, urinary
76
Transport of O2 and CO2: which systems?
CV, respiratory
77
A/B regulation: which systems?
Respiratory, CV, Endocrine
78
What are the 10 components of the digestive system?
1. Oral cavity
2. Salivary glands
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach
5. Liver
6. Large intestine
7. Small intestine
8. Pancreas
9. Gallbladder
10. Pharynx
79
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentrate bile
80
What is the function of the oral cavity?
Break up food with teeth and tongue
81
What is the function of the pancreas in digestive?
Digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells
82
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Lubricates. buffers enzymes begin digestion
83
What is the function of the stomach?
Secretes acid. contains enzymes and hormones
84
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile, regulate nutrients in blood
85
What is the function of the small intestine?
digestive enzymes buffers contain hormones and absorb nutrients
86
What is the function of the large intestine?
water removal, waste storage. and removal.
BIOSCI 107
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