T. Multiple Sclerosis

Question 1

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 1

• Chronic, progressive, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS)
• Characterized by disseminated demyelination of nerve fibres of the brain and spinal cord
• Primary neuropathological condition is an autoimmune disease orchestrated by autoreactive T cells.
Process:
– Loss of myelin
– Disappearance of oligodendrocytes
– Proliferation of astrocytes
• result in plaque formation

Question 2

Myelin loss

Answer 2

• the myelin sheaths of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are attacked, but the nerve fibre is not affected.
• Myelin can be replaced by glial scar tissue.
• Nerve impulses slow down without myelin
• Client may complain of noticeable impairment of function.

Question 3

Flaccid bladder

Answer 3

Large capacity for urine and no sensation to urinate

Question 4

Spastic bladder

Answer 4

Small capacity for urine results in incontinence.

a frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control.

Question 5

Corticosteroids

Answer 5

anti-inflammatory medicine

Question 6

Anticholinergics

Answer 6

drugs that block the action of acetylcholine

Question 7

Nystagmus

Answer 7

the eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably

Question 8

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 8

• Disease of basal ganglia characterized by
– Slowing down in the initiation and execution of movement
– ↑ muscle tone
– Tremor at rest
– Impaired postural reflexes
• degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain.
• Disrupts dopamine–acetylcholine balance in basal ganglia
• Firm diagnosis can be made when at least two of three characteristics of the classic triad

Question 9

Classic triad of PD

Answer 9

• Tremor
• Rigidity
• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

Question 10

Antiparkinsonian drugs

Answer 10

• enhance or release supply of DA.

* antagonize or block the effects of overactive cholinergic neurons in the striatum.

Question 11

Cogwheel rigidity

Answer 11

your muscle will be stiff, like in other forms of rigidity. But you might also have tremors in the same muscle when it’s at rest. Cogwheel rigidity can affect any limb, but it’s most common in the arms. I

Question 12

Pill rolling

Answer 12

it looks like you are trying to roll a pill or another small object between your thumb and index finger

Question 13

Myasthesia Gravis (MG)

Answer 13

• Autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction
• antibodies attack acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, resulting in a decreased number of ACh receptor (AChR) sites at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents ACh molecules from attaching and stimulating muscle contraction
• Characterized by fluctuating weakness of certain muscle groups
• Muscles are usually strongest in the morning and become exhausted with continued activity.
• a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles.

Question 14

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus NPH)

Answer 14

• an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricles, or cavities
• Symptoms include mental impairment, dementia, urinary incontinence and retention, gait and balance disturbances,

Question 15

Restless Leg Syndrome

Answer 15

• Characterised by unpleasant sensory and motor abnormalities of one or both legs.
• Often underdiagnosed
Often a family history of RLS
• Exact pathophysiology is unknown but it is believed to be related to a dysfunction in the brain’s basal ganglia circuits that use the neurotransmitter DA

Question 16

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 16

• Genetically transmitted – autosomal dominant disorder
• Characterized by chronic devastating loss of all neurological function.
• the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain
• Involves the basal ganglia and the extrapyramidal motor system – deficiency of neuro transmitters ACh and y-aminobutyric acid neuro transmitters

Question 17

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 17

• Progressive neurological disorder
• Characterized by loss of motor neurons and by weakness and atrophy
• Leads to death in 2 – 6 years
Typical symptoms include limb weakness, dysarthria and dysphagia, muscle wasting, fasciculations, pain, sleep disorders, spasticity, drooling emotional lability,
• Patient remains cognitively intact