9700 Biology > T1 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

T1 - Cell Structure Flashcards

(41 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Describe a light microscope (2)

A
  • Poor resolution due to long wavelength of light
  • Living samples can be examined and a colour image is obtained

Makes a 2D image

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2
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope (2)

A
  • High magnification and resolution
  • Electrons pass through the specimen to create an image

Speciemen must be dead and has to be artifically colored later on if needed, makes a 2D image

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3
Q

Describe a scanning electron microscope (2)

A
  • High magnification and resolution
  • Electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen to create an image

Provides a 3D image of the specimen

Speciemen must be dead and has to be artifically colored later on if needed

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4
Q

What is resolution? (3)

A

The minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as seperate

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5
Q

What is magnification? (1)

A

How many times larger the image is compared to the object

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6
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a higher resolution than light microscopes? (2)

A

Light microscopes resolution is determined by the wavelength of light and electron microscopes is determined by the wavelenght of the beam of electrons which is shorter than the wavelength of light which is why their resolution is higher.

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7
Q

Magnification formula

A

size of image / size of the real object

Think of the triangle I A M

Have all measurements in the same unit

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8
Q

Metre -w–> Centimetre -x–> milimetre -y–> micrometre -z–> nanometre
What is W?

A

x100

To reverse divide

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9
Q

Metre -w–> Centimetre -x–> milimetre -y–> micrometre -z–> nanometre
What is X?

A

x10

To reverse divide

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10
Q

Metre -w–> Centimetre -x–> milimetre -y–> micrometre -z–> nanometre
What is Y?

A

x1000

To reverse divide

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11
Q

Metre -w–> Centimetre -x–> milimetre -y–> micrometre -z–> nanometre
What is Z?

A

x1000

To reverse divide

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12
Q

How to make a scientific drawing? (6)

A
  • Draw in pencil
  • No sketching - no overlaping, run on, hairy lines
  • Do not color in or shade
  • Label whatever the question asks for
  • Title it IF REQUIRED
  • State magnification IF REQUIRED
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13
Q

How to calibrate a microscope? (3)

A
  1. Line up the EPG and stage micrometer
  2. Find out how much one EPG unit is
    * Make sure units are the same constantly
    * EPG is always smaller than stage micrometer
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14
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Cell surface (plasma) membrane (3)

A
  • Made of a phospholipid bilayer
  • Controls the exchange of materials between internal and external environment of cell
  • 10nm thick

+ other points ex: partially permeable

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15
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Nucleus (8)

A
  • Has a nucler envelope = double membrane
  • Nuclear pores = allow for mRNA & ribosomes to travel out of the nucleus
  • Nucleolus = site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes
  • Nucleoplasm = granular, jelly like material
  • Chromosomes = protein bound, linear DNA
  • Contains genetic code for each cell
  • Site of DNA replication and transcription (mRNA)
  • Site of ribosomes synthesis
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16
Q

Sperm cells, prokaryotic cells (bacteria)

Flagella (3)

A
  • Whip like structure
  • Beats back and forth
  • For mobilty which allows cell to move
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17
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Cillia (5)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hairlike projections coming out of cell
  • Have a 9+2 arrangement
  • Can be mobile or stationary
  • Mobile cillia moves substances in a sweeping motion
  • Stationary cillia are important in sensory organs (eg. nose)
18
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Microvilli (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cell membrane projections
  • Supported by microfilaments
  • Increases surface area for transport across the membrane (eg. in epithelial cells in the ileum)
19
Q

Animal & Planr cells

Centrioles (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Centrioles are made of microtubules
  • Organizes micotubules
  • Involved in the production of spindle fibres and organisation of chromosomes in cell division
20
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Microtubules (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Make up the cytoskeleton of the cell
  • Structural support
  • Involved in the production of spindle fibres
  • And organisation of chromosomes in cell division
21
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Has folded membranes called cisternae
  • Has ribosomes on cisternae
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Processes proteins that are produced by the ribosomes

Looks like H shape with dots

22
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Has folded membranes called cisternae
  • Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormone production
  • Detoxifies metabolic waste

Looks like fat irregular shaped noodles

23
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Golgi Apparatus (6)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Has folded membranes called cisternae
  • Form glycoproteins - combines carbs with proteins
  • Produces secretory enzymes
  • Form lysosomes
  • Transports, modifies and stores lipids
  • Products that finish synthesizing will be packaged into (golgi) vesicles ( and then fuse with the membrane and contents are released by exocytosis)
24
Q

Animal & Plant cells

Lysosomes (6)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • Breaks down waste materials
  • Is released by cell to kill itself (apoptosis)
  • Digests worn out organelles for reuse of materials
  • Breaks down pathogens during phagocytosis
  • Releases enzymes to outside cell or inside cell
25
# Animal & Plant cells Ribosomes (4)
* Made of protein and rRNA * 80S ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells * 70S ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts * Site of translation (protein synthesis)
26
# Animal & Plant cells Mitochondria (6)
* Surrounded by double membrane * Has an inner membrane called cristae * Has 70S ribosomes * Site of aerobic respiration * Site of ATP production * DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
27
# Plant cells Chloroplasts (5)
* Surrounded by a double membrane * Contains thylakoids (folded membranes with pigment) * Has 70S ribosomes * Has chlorophyll inside cell to help absorb light for photosynthesis * Site of photosynthesis
28
# Plant & Fungi cells Cell Wall
* Plants = made of (microfibrils of) cellulose polymer * Fungi = made of chitin, nitrogen containing polysaccharide * Provides structural strength to the cell * Protects internal environment of cell * Prevents plant cells from bursting when turgid
29
# Plant cells Large permanent vacuole (5)
* Single membrane bound sac * Surrounded by tonoplast membrane * Regulates osmosis * Stores water, nutrients, enzymes, pigments and waste * Pushes cytoplasm against cell wall which allows plant cells to maintain rigid and stand up
30
# Plant cells Plasmodesmata (4)
* Bridges of cytoplasm * Allows for transfer of substances (water and dissolved mineral ions) to move between cells * Allows for cell to cell communication * Crucial for symplastic transport (more in T7-transport in plants)
31
# Eukaryotic cells How big are eukaryotic cells typically? (1)
Range from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter
32
# Prokaryotic cells How big are prokaryotic cells typically? (1)
Range from 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter
33
# Prokaryotic cells Circular DNA
* In the cytosol, no nucleus
34
# Prokaryotic cells Ribosomes (1)
* 70S ribosomes * Site of protein synthesis
35
# Prokaryotic cells Plasmid (2)
* Small loops of DNA which only carry a few genes * Can transfer genes to other bacterial cells
36
# Prokaryotic cells Cell Wall (3)
* Made of peptidoglycan * Offers structural support * Protects internal cell environment
37
# Prokaryotic cells Capsule (3)
* Slimy layer made of protein * Prevents bacteria from desiccating (drying out) * Protects bacteria against host's immune system
38
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? (12)
Eukaryotic = * Membrane bound organelles * DNA enclosed inside a nucleus * Cell wall (if it has one) is made of cellulose (plant) or chitin (fungi) * 80S ribosomes (excluding ones inside organelles) * Much bigger * DNA is linear (Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA) ## Footnote Prokaryotic = * No membrane bound organelles * Smaller in size * 70S ribosomes * DNA is not contained in a nucleus * Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan * DNA is circular
39
Are viruses living? Are they cellular? And if no then why?
Viruses are **non-living** and **non-cellular**, they are **non-living because they have no cells** but also because they **lack** **organelles** **needed to reproduce** by themselves, and have **no metabolism**
40
# Virus What do viruses contain? (4)
* Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) * Capsid made of proteins * Attachment proteins * Some have outer envelope made of phospholipids
41
# Virus How big are viruses typically?
Range from 20-300 nanometers in diameter
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