T2.4 Proteins

Question 1

What happens to form a peptide bond between the amino acids?

Like what type of reaction and where bond is formed

Answer 1

A condensation reaction that involves the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
OH is taken from carboxyl
H is from amine
Carbon in the carboxyl bonds with the nitrogen in the amine group
Link to video from Khan academy detailing peptide bond formation if ur confused

Question 2

Dipeptide

Answer 2

Di = 2
2 amino acids joined together by peptide bond

Question 3

Oligopeptide

Answer 3

Oligo = many
Fewer than 20 amino acids in the peptide

Question 4

Polypeptide

Answer 4

More than 20 amino acids in the peptide

Question 5

Function of R-groups

Answer 5

Give the amino acid its individual character

Question 6

Equation for finding the possible amino acid sequences

Answer 6

20 to the nth power, where n is # of amino acids in the polypeptide and 20 is the constant amount of amino acids that can be in the organism

Ex, 2 amino acids in peptide, 400 possible amino acid sequences

Question 7

Equation for finding the possible amino acid sequences

Answer 7

20 to the nth power, where n is # of amino acids in the polypeptide and 20 is the constant amount of amino acids that can be in the organism

Ex, 2 amino acids in peptide, 400 possible amino acid sequences

Question 8

How many bases code for an amino acid in a polypeptide?

Answer 8

3 (codon)

remember the trauma from transcription and translation from last year

Ex: polypeptide with 400 amino acids should require a gene with 1,200 amino acids

Question 9

What changes about the length of genes in practice?

Answer 9

Genes are typically longer. There are extra bases at each end and in the middle. This provides regulation of transciption and translation

Question 10

Can proteins consist of more than one polypeptide?

Answer 10

yep

Question 11

Example of protein with one polypeptide

Answer 11

Lysozyme - secretions in mucus and tears. Kills bacteria

Question 12

Examples of proteins with multiple polypeptides

Answer 12

2 polypeptides: Integrin (membrane protein that makes connections with structures inside and outside of cell.
3 polypeptides: Collagen (protein that provides structure to tendons, ligaments, skin, etc)
4 polypeptides: Hemoglobin (protein that transports oxygen through blood

Question 13

Conformation of a protein

Answer 13

its 3D structure

Question 14

What determines the conformatin of a protein?

Answer 14

The amino acid sequence

Question 15

Fibrous proteins

Answer 15

• enlongated with many repeating structures (sequences)
• Hydrophobic
• Structure proteins

Question 16

Example and function of a fibrous protein

Answer 16

Either collagen or spider silk
Collagen - structural protein found in muscles, tendons and ligaments that gives tensile strength.
Spider silk - Produced by spiders for their webs, and can be extended and resistant to breaking.

Question 17

Globular

Answer 17

• Glob like (spherical)
• Generally involved in metabolism or membrane proteins
• Soluble in water

Question 18

How are globular proteins soluble in water?

Answer 18

The hydrophobic R groups on the amino acid chain are on inside the sphere while hydrophilic R groups are on the outside, allowing it to be soluble.

Question 19

How are globular proteins membrane proteins?

cause they’re imbedded in the hydrophobic inside of the lipid bilayer

Answer 19

The hydphilic groups are inside the glob while the hydrophobic R groups are lining the channel.

Question 20

Example of Globular proteins?

Answer 20

• Can be Rubisco, Insulin, Immunoglobulin, or Rhodopsin
• Rubisco - an enzyme involved in the fixation of CO2 in chloroplasts
• Insulin - a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which is involved in glucose uptake from the blood
• Immunoglobulin (antibodies) - Large, Y-shaped proteins, involved in fighting infections by specifically recognizing and binding to antigen molecules
• Rhodopsin - A protien linked to pigment, found on the membrane of photoreceptor cells of the retina, where it allows very low light intensities to be detected

Honestly would just look at insulin since we’ve studied it before

Question 21

Know at least 5 functions of proteins

Answer 21

• Catalysis (speeds up reactions)
• Muscle Constraction (actin/myosin used in locomotion),
• Cytoskeletons (give cells shape and aids in mitosis)
• Tensile strengthening (fibrous proteins give strenth to skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessel walls
• Blood Clotting (turns blood from liquid to gel)
• Transport of nutrients and gasses (Transports oxygen and carbon dixoide)
• Cell Adhesion (Cells stick together within tissue)
• Membrane Transport (Facillitated diffusion and active transport (channels and pumps))
• Hormones (Insulin, FSH, and LH)
• Receptors (Binding sites for hormones, neurotransmitters, etc)
• Packing of DNA (Histones in eukaryotic organisms)
• Immunity (antibodies)

make like a quizlet for the 5 u want to study

Question 22

Genome

Answer 22

All the genes produced by a cell/tissue/organism
Fixed from cell to cell

Question 23

Proteome

Answer 23

All the proteins produced a cell/tissue/organism.
Diverse
Changes overtime depending on cell activity

Question 24

Why do protemes vary based on the cell?

Answer 24

Different cells in an organism make different proteins (cell differentiation)

Question 25

What does the proteome reveal about a cell?

Answer 25

What is actually happening in a cell

Question 26

How does the proteome of a species contain a larger number of proteins than genes that code for these proteins?

Answer 26

One gene can code for multiple polypeptide chains, so there are more proteins than genes coding for them