Take-off Performance

Question 1

What is TORA

Answer 1

TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE

Question 2

What is TODA

Answer 2

TAKE OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE

Question 3

What is ASDA

Answer 3

ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE

Question 4

What is EDA

Answer 4

EMERGENCY DISTANCE AVAILABLE

Question 5

What is QDM

Answer 5

RUNWAY MAGNETIC HEADING

Question 6

What is TODA made up of

Answer 6

Runway length + Clearway

Can include displaced threashold run

LINK HERE

Question 7

What is TORA made up of

Answer 7

Runway length

Can include displaced threashold run

LINK HERE

Question 8

What is ASDA made up of

Answer 8

Runway length + stopway

Can include displaced threashold run

LINK HERE

Question 9

What is LDA

Answer 9

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE

LINK HERE

Question 10

What is the V speed for best climb rate

Answer 10

Vy

Question 11

What is the V speed for best climb angle

Answer 11

Vx

REMEMBER: Think of the letter X having multiple angles

Question 12

What is the definition of best rate of climb (Vy)

Answer 12

Best altitude gain per unit of time

Question 13

What are the 2 differences of best angle of climb (Vx) to best rate of climb (Vy)

REMEMBER: Steeper ANGLE, bigger gradient, more work!

Answer 13

1. Slower ROC
2. Slower airspeed

Question 14

With a headwind on take-off

What happens to the;
1. Ground run
2. Time to get airborne
3. Climb angle

Answer 14

1. DECREASES
2. DECREASES
3. INCREASES (i.e. steeper)

Question 15

With a tailwind on take-off

What happens to the;
1. Ground run
2. Time to get airborne
3. Climb angle

Answer 15

1. INCREASES
2. INCREASES
3. DECREASES (i.e. shallower)

Question 16

Generic performance factors

What is the % and factor increases for a tailwind component of 10%

Answer 16

1. 20%
2. 1.2

Question 17

Calculate the cross wind and headwind component on the CPR-1

Runway 06. Wind 040° 22 kts

Answer 17

Crosswind - 8 kts
Headwind - 21 kts

1. Center dot to zero
2. Plotting disc set to wind direction i.e. 040°
3. Mark wind down from center dot i.e. 22 kts
4. Rotate plotting disc to runway heading i.e. 060°
5. Crosswind component is how much the dot has moved from center
6. Headwind component is how much down from zero the dot reads
   LINK HERE

Question 18

With small amount of flaps configured for take-off

What happens to;
1. Lift-off speed
2. Take-off safety speed
3. Drag
4. Ground run
5. Time to get airborne
6. ROC

Answer 18

1. REDUCED
2. REDUCED
3. INCREASED
4. DECREASED
5. DECREASED (i.e. airborne sooner)
6. DECREASED (i.e. shallower)

Question 19

With an increase in mass on take-off run

What happens to;
1. Acceleration
2. Ground run
3. ROC

Answer 19

1. DECREASED (i.e. slower)
2. INCREASED (i.e. longer)
3. DECREASED (i.e. shallower)

Question 20

The POH performance figures are based on what runway conditions

Answer 20

1. Level and Dry
2. Hard Paved

Question 21

A deviation away from a hard paved surface for take-off can affect performance in what 3 areas

Answer 21

1. Rolling friction
2. Acceleration
3. Energy dissipation through oleos

Question 22

What danger should a pilot be aware of where wheel spats are fitted when planning for a take-off run

Answer 22

INCREASED FRICTION

Due to grass and mud collecting in wheel spat

Question 23

What is the % and factor increases for dry grass up to 20cm

Answer 23

1. 20%
2. 1.2

REMEMBER: 1.2 = 20%

Question 24

What is the % and factor increases for wet grass up to 20cm

Answer 24

1. 30%
2. 1.3

REMEMBER: 1.3 = 30%

Question 25

What is the % and factor increases for soft ground or snow

Answer 25

1. 25% or more 2. 1.25+

Question 26

# With an increase up-slope take-off run What happens to; 1. Acceleration 2. Ground Run 3. ROC

Answer 26

1. DECREASED (i.e. slower) 2. INCREASED (i.e. longer) 3. REDUCED (to 50 ft)

Question 27

What is the % and factor increases for a 2% up-slope runway

Answer 27

1. 10% 2. 1.1

Question 28

# The rule of thumb for aircraft climb Must be able to climb at ____ angle of the runway slope

Answer 28

TWICE

Question 29

# calculating runway gradient as a % Runway 24 - 06 R'way 24 elevation: 301 ft R'way 06 elevation: 287 ft Runway length = 3700 meters Calculate the gradient | Landing on runway 24

Answer 29

(neg) -0.11 % | [LINK HERE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0DmWl57Jmg) ## Footnote 301 - 287 = 14 ft Convert 3700 meters into feet = 3700 x 3.28 = 12,136 ft (14 / 12,136) x 100 = 0.11 % Multiplied by 100 to make it a percentage Since we land on runway 24, and it slopes DOWN to runway 06, this is a NEGATIVE slope

Question 30

# Calculating runway gradient as a % Runway 09 - 27 R'way 09 elevation: 246 ft R'way 06 elevation: 294 ft Runway length = 850 meters Calculate the gradient | Take-off runway 09

Answer 30

+1.72% | [LINK HERE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0DmWl57Jmg) ## Footnote 294 - 246 = 48 ft Covert 850 meters into feet = 850 x 3.28 = 2,788 ft (48 / 2790) x 100 = 0.017 Multipled by 100 to make it a percentage Since we take off on runway 09, and it slopes UP to runway 27, this is a POSITIVE slope

Question 31

# Generic performance factors The safety factor that MUST be applied as stipulated by CAA for take-off is ____. This takes into account what 4 factors

Answer 31

1. 1.33 2. Piloting skills 3. Engine 4. Airframe 5. Unseen Circumstances ## Footnote Non perfect piloting skills Worn engine Dirty airframe

Question 32

# Calculate the ground roll using interpolation of the following values Pressure Alt | 10℃ | 20℃ 2000 | 840 | 910 3000 | 925 | 1000 | Ground roll in ft for pressure altitude 2600 ft and temperature of 18℃

Answer 32

950 ft ## Footnote Determine 18℃ and 2600 ft. 2600 ft is between 2000 and 3000, 18℃ is between 10℃ and 20℃ For 18℃ @ 2000 ft; 910 - 840 = 70 There are 10℃ difference between 10℃ & 20℃. 70 / 10 = 7 ft per ℃ 7 x 8 = 56 ft (8℃ difference between 10℃ and 18℃) 840 + 56 = **896 ft** Repeat for 18℃ @ 3000 ft = **985 ft** For 2600 ft pressure altitude, now we have take off lengths for 2000 ft and 3000 ft @ 18℃, use the same method to determine 2600 ft. 985 - 896 = 89 ft 89 / 1000 (1000 ft difference between 2000 and 3000) = 0.089 0.089 x 600 ft (difference between 2000 ft and 2600 ft) = 53.4 ft 5.4 + 896 = **949.4 ft**

Question 33

# Practical take-off calculations Instead of using interpolation, what can a pilot do for quick take-off performance calculations if, for example, the temperature is 13℃ and your POH gives 10℃ and 20℃ in the performance table

Answer 33

WORSE CASE FIGURES Use 20℃ for calculations ## Footnote Since 13℃ sits between 10℃ and 20℃, 20℃ is the worse case scenario. This can be used to perform take-off calculations. Use the same worse case for altitude calculations also i.e airfield is 200 ft and your POH gives 1000 ft, use 1000 ft. If after using worse case figures the end figure still falls within runway distance available, you are safe to go

Question 34

# Calculating obstacle clearance for grass strip Where TODA is not necessarily stated, but the runway length is, to calculate a distance to/from 50ft, what must the figures fit inside of

Answer 34

RUNWAY LENGTH ## Footnote Where no Clearway distance is included since no TODA is given, and you know the runway is 1000m, you must be able to obtain 50 ft clearance before the end of 1000m i.e. you must have reached over 50ft before you have cleared the end of the runway run.