Causes of clubbing
Cardiac: IE, cyanotic heart ds
Pulmonary: Lung CA, abscess, empyema, IPF, bronchiectasis
Non cardiac: pregnancy,
Postural hypotension (HANDI)
Hypovolumia Addison Neuropathic Drugs (TCA, Diuretics, VD) Idiopathic
Raised JVP (causes of RV filing impair)
- RVF
- constrictive pericarditis
- cardiac tamponade
- tricuspid R/S
- SVC obstructions
- Fluid overload
- hyperdynamic circ
Non palpable apex beat
- shock
- death
- dexteocardia
- emphysema
- pericardial effusion
SOB respi causes
- Neonates (RDS, TTN, MAS, pneumonia, PPHN, lung hypoplasia)
- Infant/Toddler
Asthma, Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis, Croup, BPD, Laryngimalacia - School child
Asthma, pneumonia, FB
SOB (insidious onset)
- Cardiac
- CNS
- hemato
- infx
- metabolic
- CCF, myocarditis, confenital HD
- deprssed respi centre: raised ICP/ GBS/ poliomyelitis
- anemia
- spsis
- DKA, ARF
Causes of hematuria
Non Glomerular causes
- Vascular: sickle cell da, bleeding disorder, renal vein thrombosis
- Infection: UTI
- Trauma, stone
- Metabolic: hypercalciuria
- Neoplasm (tumour)
Hematuria (glomerular causes)
AGN/ chronic
IgA nephropathy
Alport syndrome
Cyanosis
- Respi: smoke, asthma, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract obstruction, RDS
- CVS: Cyanotic HD, pulmonary embolism due to hypercoagulable state, pulm edema, shock
- Cold exposure, acryocyanosis, methHaemoglobinemia, polycythemia, neonatal hypoglycemia
Maculopapular rash
- Measles
- Rubella
- ## Roseola infantum
Vescicle/Pustule
- chicken pox
- shingles
- HFMD
- scabies
Petichiae/purpura/ecchymoses
- HSP
-
Hydrocephalus
Congenital
- Aqueductal stenosis
- Intrauterine infection
- CNS- Dandy walker syndrome, Arnold chiari malformation
- Tumour of choroid plexus
Acquired
- Post infections: meningitis
- Cns tumour
- IVH
Generalized LAD
- Infection (viral: cmv, ebv, hiv, hep C) (bacteria: Tb,
- Neoplasm (Lymphoma, leukemia,
- Metabolic (Gaucher ds, Niemann pick)
- Others (Kawasaki
Abdominal mass in children
- Neoplsm: Neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, lymphoma, leukemia, liver adenoma
- Endocrine: pheochromocytoma
- GIT: Intussuception, IO, Hitsprong ds
- Renal: PCKD
Chronic diarrhea
>14 days
- Dietary induced (lactose, sucrose, cows milk allergy)
- Enteric infection
bacteria: ecoli, salmonella, shigella
Virus: CMV, HIV, Rotavirus
Parasite: giardiasis, amoebiasis - Immune mediated
- UC, Crohn
- enteropathy
- Celiac - Congenital (microvillus atrophy, cong disaccharide deficiency
- Functional diarrhea
- Tumour (neuroendocrine)
7 Laxatives
Dysentery
Ecoli Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter Entamoeba histolytica IBD
Seizure
Perinatal (HIE, Torch, Hx, Trauma)
Infx: meningoencephalitis, brain abscess
Metabolic: DM, hypoglycemia, hypoNa, Ca, Mg, HyperNa
Systemic: SLE, vasculitis, hpt, hepatic/renal enceph
Others: trauma, fever, idiopathic, benign
