Tally

Question 1

What are the complications of smoking?

Answer 1

1. CVS
   - premature coronary aa disease
   - peripheral vascular disease
   - ED
   - cerebrovascular
2. Respiratory
   - lung ca
   - COPD
   - infection
   - postoperative complications
3. Cancer
   - larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, nasopharynx
   - bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach
   - uterine, cervix
4. GIT
   - PUD
   - Crohn’s
5. Pregnancy
   - spontaneous abortion
   - fetal/neonatal death
   - SIDS
6. Drug interactions
   - induces hepatic microsomal enzyme systems -> increased metabolism of theophylline, propranolol

Question 2

What are the complications of ethanol abuse?

Answer 2

1. GIT
   - acute gastric erosions
   - GIT bleeding
   - pancreatitis
   - diarrhoea
   - hepatomegaly
   - CLD
   - cancer
2. CVS
   - cardiomyopathy
   - cardiac arrythmias
   - hypertension
3. CNS
   - delirium tremens
   - nutrition related
   - cerebellar degeneration
   - alcohol dementia
   - alcoholic myopathy
   - autonomy neuropathy
4. Hematopoetic
   - anemia
   - thrombocytopenia
5. GUT
   - ED
   - testicular atrophy
   - female infertility
6. Other
   - fractures
   - femoral head osteonecrosis

Question 3

Which factors suggest an increased genetic risk?

Answer 3

Multiple family members
Less often affected sex
Early onset
Lack of risk factors
Racial predisposition
Consanguinity

Question 4

Name causes of fatigue

Answer 4

Lifestyle

• decr sleep
• incr alcohol
• incr activity

Psychological

• anxiety
• stress
• depression

Medical

• thyroid
• heart failure
• obesity
• OSA
• DM
• coeliac disease
• malignancy
• hypoxia
• anemia
• HIV
• medications

Question 5

Name the side effects of psychotropics in the elderly

Answer 5

Sedation

Falls

Question 6

Name the side effects of diuretics in the elderly

Answer 6

Hypokalemia
Renal dysfunction
Gout

Question 7

Name the side effects of NSAIDs in the elderly

Answer 7

Exacerbate hypertension
Heart failure
CKD

Question 8

Name the side effects of anti-hypertensives in the elderly

Answer 8

Postural hypotension

Falls

Question 9

Name causes of cyanosis

Answer 9

Central

1. Decr arterial O2
2. Polycythemia
3. Hb abnormalities

Peripheral

1. Central cyanosis
2. Cold exposure
3. Decr cardiac output
4. Obstruction

Question 10

Name causes of shock

Answer 10

Hypovolemia
Cardiac
Massive PE
Sepsis
Anaphylaxis
Endocrine failure
Neuropathic

Question 11

Name conditions associated with obesity

Answer 11

Endocrine
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
GUT
Skin
Musculoskeletal

Question 12

Name causes of blue nails

Answer 12

Cyanosis
Wilson’s disease
Ochronosis

Question 13

Name causes of red nails

Answer 13

Polycythemia

Carbon monoxide

Question 14

Name causes of yellow nails

Answer 14

Yellow nail syndrome

Question 15

Name causes of koilonychia

Answer 15

Fe deficiency
Fungal infection
Reynaud’s

Question 16

Name causes of onycholysis

Answer 16

Thyrotoxicosis

Psoriasis

Question 17

Name causes of Beau’s lines

Answer 17

Fever
Cachexia
Malnutrition

Question 18

Name causes of Muehrcke’s lines

Answer 18

Trauma
Acute illness
Hypoalbuminaemia
Chemotherapy

Question 19

Name causes of Mees’ lines

Answer 19

Arsenic poisoning
CKD
Chemotherapy
Severe illness

Question 20

What should you consider when hearing of a fever with a 3 day or 4 day pattern?

Answer 20

Malaria
Tertian (vivax, ovale)
Quartan (malariae)