What are the different levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Level 1: Physiological needs Level 2: Safety-security needs Level 3: Belongingness needs Level 4: Esteem needs Level 5: Self-actualization needs
How do the different needs in Maslow’s hierarchy model relate to each other and what do they steer?
different needs/levels are mutually/hierarchical ordered & steer motivation
How exactly is a need in Maslow’s model defined?
a lack of something that is essential to an organism’s (a person’s) existence or well-being –> not the thing itself but the LACK thereof
What makes it possible to satisfy the next higher-level need in Maslow’s model?
Satisfaction of any lower-level need
How were the needs correlated with the ones immediately below them in Taormina’s study?
–> Does it support Maslow’s model?
-satisfaction of any given need was positively & significantly correlated with the need immediately below it in the hierarchy–> supports Maslow’s theorized hierarchy of needs
Which of Maslow’s needs was a significant predictor of the satisfaction of all the other needs?
satisfaction of the physiological needs –> suggest that the physiological needs are profound
What is the core concept/assumption of the cognitive-attribution theories of emotion & motivation?
-Cause–emotion relations are at the heart of the theory
==> feelings are determined by thoughts & specifically by beliefs about causality
What are the 3 causal properties of attribution theories?
- causal locus –> causes perceived as residing with or outside of the person
- causal stability –> causes that are stable & remain in place e.g. unattractiveness
- casual control –> some overlap with both locus and stability –> two causes of achievement failure—lack of effort (under personal control) versus lack of aptitude (uncontrollable)
What is the pleasure/pain principle that lays at the very center of motivation theory? (historically old)
organisms attempt to maximize pleasure & minimize pain
What is the theory of achievement motivation (Atkinson) about?
- -> How were rewards first considered?
- -> How did Atkinson’s theory consider rewards?
rewards were considered extrinsic motivations, not intrinsically or inherently tied to achievement striving
–>Atkinson: incentive value or reward for achievement behavior is not a material good but instead an affect ==> pride in accomplishment
Which other emotional responses were determined/ described supporting the core assumption of the attribution model after Atkinson’s theory of achievement motivation?
- success-linked emotions: happiness, pride, envy & admiration, liking & disliking, gratitude, surprise, confidence & apprehension
- failure-linked emotions: unhappiness, shame & guilt, sympathy & scorn, anger, helplessness & hopelessness & hope, schadenfreude
What is meant by ‘emotions have to obey certain laws’?
laws of emotion are grounded in mechanisms that are not of voluntary nature & that are only partly under voluntary control
What different laws are there?
- regulation: law of situational meaning, law of concern, law of apparent reality, laws of change, habituation and comparative feeling, Law of hedonic asymmetry
- elicitation: Law of conservation of emotional momentum, Law of closure, The law of care for consequences, Laws of lightest load and greatest gain
Is there a differentiation in the way certain laws might act on particular aspects of emotions (e.g. initiation, durability) ?
laws of regulation vs elicitation
Do emotions necessarily reflect conscious subjective feelings?
Emotions can occur consciously but also unconsciously & are shared with animals
- -> supported by a great amount of evidence
- -> double proof: to reject the objection that we do not have proof of feelings of others (stated above), we also do not have proof about the subjective feelings we experience & of a lot of other things we accept as being true
Do we share emotions with animals?
yes, basic emotions needed for survival (fear,anger, happiness, sadness) & not complex emotions (pride, shame)
- -> LeDoux: said no because they cannot articulate the, but it’s most likely wrong
- -> we cannot exclude that they don’t have emotions, but we can never prove it (Popper: we can only falsify)
How/why does the incentive-salience perspective on emotion/motivation excels the drive-reduction perspectives?
-Motivation is directed toward affectively positive incentives & the brain motivation systems modulate those incentive values, increasing wanting & liking
–> drive theory was proved wrong as they found that cues for incentive stimulus evoke motivation in a state, whereas cues for drive state do not
–> brain electrode stimulation: electrodes were not only rewarding (people worked to activate them) but were also motivating
–> drive theory: to reduce unpleasant state (drink to not be thirsty; drive reduction; negative reinforcement & not positive pleasure)
–> incentive salience: motivation directed towards positive drives (we’re thirsty –> we enjoy drinking water); we want to gain smth pleasurable
=> dogs kept eating even tho not hungry anymore (bc of appetite, not just to be satuated)
subjective feelings vs objective features of emotion
- objective features: physiological arousals
- subjective feelings: everything consciously perceived
–> example: inducing panic attack bc of focusing on physiological arousal & attributing it to subjective feelings
What are the problems with the assumption that
emotions are necessarily conscious feelings?
-can also occur unconsciously
Differences in ‘Wanting’ vs ‘Liking’ & involvement in motivation-emotion
- Liking: hedonic impact of pleasant reward (NOT related to dopa, but to opioid endocannabinoids)
- Wanting: incentive salience is a mesocorticolimbic form of wanting –> DOPA mediates WANTING
How do emotions relate to mesocorticolimbic brain areas including DOPA-related systems?
- DOPA: wanting –> energizes & motivates to seek reward
- -> more stable & that’s why we often have intense wanting, but not intense liking
–> areas w/ liking: more fragile, why we have less intense liking; limbic structures, PFC, brainstem & nucleus accumbens –> act together in network ==> if stimulated, exponential liking (e.g. orgasm)
- D1: positive, wanting
- D2: negative, fear
–> limbic system that are related to DOPA e.g. striatum, nucleus accumbens
Assumption of attribution theory
feelings are determined by thoughts, and specifically by beliefs about causality
laws of emotion –> examples
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