Task 1 Joe changes

Question 1

define development

Answer 1

Development concerns all the physical and psychological changes that an individual undergoes in a lifetime

Question 2

define Developmental psychology

Answer 2

Developmental psychology is the scientific discipline that attempts to describe and explain these changes

Question 3

What are the 3 major domains in developmental Psychology?

Answer 3

1. Physical development
2. Cognitive development
3. Social development

Question 4

define Physical development

Answer 4

hardware

• Body development, and brain development in particular
• Proceeds in cephalocaudal direction (head downward) and in proximodistal direction (center outward)

Question 5

define Cognitive development

Answer 5

software
=the growth of such diverse capabilities as perception, attention, language, problem solving, reasoning, memory, conceptual understanding and intelligence

Question 6

define Social development

Answer 6

Social development is the growth of equality diverse areas: emotions, personality, relationships with peers and family members, self-understanding, aggression and moral behavior

Question 7

Name the 8 developmental periods and their duration

Answer 7

1. The prenatal period: from conception to birth
2. Infancy: from birth to 2 years
3. Early childhood: from 2 to 6 years
4. Middle childhood: from 6 to 11 years
5. Adolescence: from 11 to 18 years
6. early adulthood: from 18 years to 25 years
7. Adulthood: from 25 years on
8. Older adulthood: from 65 years on

Question 8

Why is Piagets theory of cognitive development labeled as constructive theory?

Answer 8

The Theory is labeled as constructivist, because it describes children as constructing knowledge for themselves in response to their experience („child as scientist“)

Question 9

Name the 3 most important constructive processes of children

Answer 9

1. generating hypotheses
2. performing experiments
3. drawing conclusions from their observations

Question 10

Name 3 fundamental assumptions of Piaget

Answer 10

1. From birth onwards, humans are mentally active as well as physically, and their activity greatly contributes to their own development
2. Children learn many important lessons on their own, rather than depending on instruction from adults or older children
3. Children are intrinsically motivated to learn and do not need reward from other people to do so

Question 11

On which two basic processes does Piaget focuses?

Answer 11

Organization = the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge 
Adaption= the tendency to respond to the demand of the environment in ways that meet one's goals

Question 12

define Nature

Answer 12

Nature is the maturing of brain and body
the ability to perceive
the ability to act and learn form experiences
the tendency to integrate observation to knowledge

Question 13

define Nurture

Answer 13

Nurture is not just the nurturing provided by parents and other caregivers but every experience the child encounters

Question 14

Name 3 sources of continuity

Answer 14

Children develop cognitive abilities by continually adapting schemes through assimilation, accommodation and equilibration

Question 15

Explain the process of assimilation

Answer 15

Assimilation is the process by which which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand

interpreting new ideas or experiences to existing schemes

Question 16

Explain the process of Accommodation

Answer 16

Accommodation is the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

changing existing schemes to fit new ideas or experiences

Question 17

Explain the process of Equilibration

Answer 17

Equilibration is the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Question 18

Name 3 phases of Equilibration

Answer 18

1. Equilibrium
2. Disequilibrium
3. Advanced equilibrium

Question 19

Explain the sub phase Equilibrium of Equilibration

Answer 19

children are satisfied with their understanding of particular phenomenon; they do not see any discrepancies between their observations and their understanding of the phenomenon

Question 20

Explain the sub phase Disequilibrium of Equilibration

Answer 20

new information leads them to perceive that their understanding is inadequate; they recognize shortcomings in their understanding of the phenomenon, but they can not generate a superior alternative

Question 21

Explain the sub phase Advanced equilibrium of Equilibration

Answer 21

children develop a more sophisticated understanding that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one, creating a more advanced equilibrium within which a broader range of observations can be understood

Question 22

Name 4 central properties of Piagets stage theory

Answer 22

1. Quantitative change
2. Broad applicability
3. Brief applicability
4. Invariant sequence

Question 23

What does Piaget means with “quantitive change”?

Answer 23

=children of different ages think in qualitatively different ways; in early stages of cognitive development, conceive morality based on consequences of a behavior; in later stages, they conceive it in terms of intent

Question 24

What does Piaget means with “Broad applicability”?

Answer 24

=the type of thinking characteristic of each stage influences children’s thinking across diverse topics and contexts

Question 25

What does Piaget means with "Brief applicability"?

Answer 25

=before entering a new stage, children pass through a brief transition period in which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristics of the new, more advanced stage and of the old, less advanced one

Question 26

What does Piaget means with the "invariant sequence"?

Answer 26

=everyone progresses through the stage in the same order without skipping any of them

Question 27

Name Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 27

1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) 2. Preoperational Stage (2-6 years) 3. Concrete operational Stage (7-12 years) 4. Formal operational Stage (12+ years)

Question 28

How does the child behave during the first stage of Piagets cognitive development model? The Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 28

period in which intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage

Question 29

Explain "Sensorimotor intelligence"

Answer 29

They use sensorimotor abilities to perceive and explore the world around them, gaining information about the objects and people in it and constructing rudimentary forms of fundamental concepts such as time, space and causality Infants live largely in the here and now: their intelligence is bound to their immediate perceptions and actions

Question 30

Name 6 Sensorimotor stages of Piaget

Answer 30

1. reflexive schemas 2. Primary circular reactions 3. Secondary Circular Reactions 4. Coordination of Secondary Circular reactions 5. tertiary Circular reactions 6. mental representations

Question 31

Explain the 1. stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Reflexive Schemas more in detail

Answer 31

Birth-1 month Babies are born with many reflexes: these simple reflexes and perceptual abilities are essential tools for building intelligence Babies begin to modify their reflexes to make them more adaptive Babies accommodate their actions to the parts of the environment with which they interact (adjust their sucking)

Question 32

Explanier the 2 stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Primary Circular Reactions in more detail

Answer 32

1-4 month is about simple motor habits centered around own body - Babies begin to organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors - Action and response both involve infants on their own bodies - Their reflexes serve as building blocks from more complex behaviors

Question 33

Explain the 3 stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Secondary Circular Reactions in more detail

Answer 33

4-8 month is about repeat interesting effects in surrounding Action gets a response from another or object, leading to baby’s repeating original action The peek-a-boo fascination will disappear when object permanence emerges at the end of the stage

Question 34

Explain concepts behind the peek-a-boo fascination 1. Lack of object permanence 2. "out of sight, out of mind"

Answer 34

Lack of object permanence= knowledge that object continuous to exist when it is out of view „out of sight, out of mind“ = only able to mentally represent objects that can be perceived at moment

Question 35

Explain the 4 stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions more in detail

Answer 35

8-12 month its about internal, goal directed behavior and object permanence Internal representation of objects are fragile During that stage children make the A-Not-B error

Question 36

What is the A-Not-B error?

Answer 36

=tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

Question 37

Explanier the 5 stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Tertiary Circular Reactions more in detail

Answer 37

12-18 month is about exploring properties of objects through novel actions Infants begin to actively explore the potential ways in which objects can be used The „child as a scientist“ = their actions are the beginning of scientific experimentation Action gets one pleasing rule, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar results

Question 38

Explain the 6 stage of Piagets Sensorimotor stages; Mental Representation more in detail

Answer 38

18-24month is about internal depictions of objects or events and deferred imitation Babies show deferred imitation Babies become able to form enduring mental representations

Question 39

What is defender imitation?

Answer 39

= repetition of other peoples behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred

Question 40

How does the child behave during the second stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development? Preoperational stage

Answer 40

2-7 years The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During that stage, the child is egocentric But their communication and thought is still inflexible and limited

Question 41

How does the child behave during the third stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development? Concrete operational stage

Answer 41

7-11 years The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract The child also understands conservation BUT Abstract, hypothetical thinking is not yet developed in the child, and children can only solve problems that apply to concrete events or objects

Question 42

How does the individual behave during the fourth stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development? Formal operational stage

Answer 42

12+ years the adolescent can reason abstractly ad think in hypothetical terms Not all individuals attain this stage (only around 50%)

Question 43

Which forms of limitations does a child in the Preoperational stage have?

Answer 43

Egocentrism = the inability to take another persons perspective Animism = a younger child believes that inanimate objects have feelings as they do. They consider these objects as having emotions, motives, intentions, thoughts and desires No conservation =no capacity to infer knowledge that you understand from what is happening

Question 44

Explain Piagets Three mountain Task

Answer 44

= object in front of child and experimenter, there will be a conversation about what each one sees and then there will be an exchange between them; the goal is for the child to understand that the mountain hides certain objects the person opposite, so he/she cannot see the same as the child

Question 45

Explain the Pendulum Problem

Answer 45

the task is to compare the motions of longer and shorter strings, with lighter and heavier weights attached, in order to determine the influence of weight, string length, and dropping point on the time it takes for the pendulum to swing back and forth Children below the age of 12 years usually perform unsystematic experiments and draw incorrect conclusion

Question 46

Name 4 criticism on Piagets theory

Answer 46

1. Babies and young children acquire cognitive abilities earlier that Piaget thought 2. Stage transitions are not as sharp as suggested 3. Piaget’s theory emphasizes individual processes at the expense of social- and cultural influences 4. Piagets theory is vague about the cognitive process that give rise to children thinking and about the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth

Question 47

What characterizes sociabcultural theories?

Answer 47

approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to children’s development

Question 48

What did Lev Vygotsky proposed according to social constructivism?

Answer 48

Proposed a sociocultural approach to the cognitive development of children, and argued that all cognitive functions originate in, and must therefor be explained as products of social interactions

Question 49

Explain the internalization-of-thought process

Answer 49

=Though is internalized speech and it origins in statement parents and adults make children

Question 50

Name 3 phases in the development of children ability to regulate their own behavior and problem solving

Answer 50

1.children's behavior is controlled by other peoples statements 2. children's behavior is controlled by their own private speech They tell themselves about what to do (much how their parents might have done earlier) 3. Children's behavior is controlled by internalized private speech (thought) They silently tell themselves what to do

Question 51

Explain Scaffolding

Answer 51

Providing a temporal framework that support children’s thinking at higher level than children could manage on their own This framework includes explaining the goal of the task, demonstrating how the task can be done, and helping the child with the most difficult parts of the task The goal is to allow children to learn by doing

Question 52

Explain Guided participation

Answer 52

Organize activities in ways that allows children to engage in them at a higher level than they could manage on their own (learning by doing like PBL) Involve adults organizing tasks so that children can take increasingly active and responsible roles in them (different to scaffolding

Question 53

Explain the Overlapping waves theory

Answer 53

Information processing approach that emphasizes that individual children use multiple strategies to solve same type of problem At any one age, children use multiple strategies to solve problems Strategy 1 is the simplest and 5, the most advanced With age and experience, children rely on more advanced strategies Development involves changes in use of existing strategies and discovery of new approaches