What are the core aspects of a burnout?
- exhaustion: feeling overwhelmed
- lack of personal accomplishment: felling you don’t do it properly
- cynicism/disengagement: detaching from work, lack of interest
job demands-resource model (JD-R)
high job demands + low job resources = burnout
-long term exposure to high job demands will exhaust employee’s cognitive and physical resources -> health problems
effect-recovery theory
work demands -> short term load reactions (reversible by recovery -> chronic load reactions (when not recovered)
:-( individual differences, within-person fluctuation
activities to recover
- low-effort activities
- social activities
- physical activities
Day Reconstruction Study (OERLEMANS)
What were they interested in?
They investigated whether individual levels of burnout moderates within-person processes of time spent on off-job activities and daily recovery
employed a day reconstruction method + diary
Day Reconstruction Study (OERLEMANS)
What were the measures and hypothesis?
- daily time spent on off-job activities after work
- daily recovery levels
- physical vigor
- cog. liveliness
- state recovery - level of Burnout
Hypo: Burnout levels moderate the time spent on off-job activities and daily recovery.
Day Reconstruction Study (OERLEMANS)
What are the results of this study?
Main effects
- burnout negatively relates to vigor, cog. liveliness and recovery -> This is a very big surprise
- recovery in the evening positively relates to next day’s recovery level
- Off-job time spent on work-related activities had NO relationship with recovery
Interaction effects
- Moderating effect of burnout on off-work time spent working and recovery
- for people high on burnout, off-job working related negatively to recovery
- for people low on burnout off-job working had no sig. relationship with recovery
=> off-job working leads to lower recovery in people high on burnout, but not in people low on burnout
- Moderating effect of burnout on non-work activities during off-job time and recovery
- for low effort activites: burnout level only moderated physical vigor and cog. liveliness, but not state recovery
- for social activites: burnout moderates all 3 measures
- for physical activites: no moderating effect of burnout
=> engaging in low-effort and social activites results in higher recovery levels in employees at a high risk of burnout
=> physical activities have positive effect on recovery regardless of burnout level
Results can be applied to both the JD-R and effect-recovery theory (glaube ich zumindest:D)
Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating effect of job stressors (SONNENTAG)
Name and explain the 3 core concepts in this study.
- Recovery level: high levels in the morning and low levels in the evening
- Work engagement: positive, fulfilling, work-relates state characterized by:
- vigor
- dedication
- absorption: full concentration at work - Job stressors
- Job demands: job features that require sustained physical or mental effort; not necessarily negative
- Situational constraints: job features that make it difficult to be effective (printer etc.)
Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating effect of job stressors (SONNENTAG)
What were the methods?
-diary study
- measurements:
1. morning recovery level
2. job stressors
3. work engagement
4. evening recovery level
-control variables: general level of recovery, work engagement and job control
Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating effect of job stressors (SONNENTAG)
Name and explain the main results.
- morning recovery level was positively related to work engagement
- work engagement was positively related to evening recovery level
=> mutual reinforcement, like a cycle
- interaction between situational constraints and recovery
- situational constrains seem to attenuate the relationship between morning recovery level - interaction between work engagement and situational constraints
- situational constraints seem to attenuate the relationship between work engagement and evening recovery level - No moderating effect of job demands!
=> morning recovery level -> better work Engagement -> better evening recovery level
-situational constraints attenuate these associations, possibly by hinder task completion.
Mindfulness and the key aspects of it
Mindfulness: state of consciousness in which individuals attend to events in a non-judgemental way
- receptive awareness and registration of inner experiences and external events
- present-orieted consciousness: focus on moment-to-moment experiences
- inherent human capacity that varies in strength across situations (state) and between persons (trait)
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
What are the hypotheses concerning the effects of mindfulness on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion and on what grounds do they base them?
1) trat mindfulness, state mindfulness and mindfulness intervention are positively associated with job satisfaction
- affective events theory: work events and their appraisal cause affective reactions, which then predict work satisfaction
- mindfulness increases job satisfaction by promoting self-determined behaviour: “get in contact with basic needs and values”
=> authors suggest that mindfulness will act positively on affective reactions this through non-judgemental reappraisal
2) trait mindfulness, state mindfulness and mindfulness intervention are negatively associated with emotional exhaustion
- by promoting autonomous self-regulation
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
emotional labor theory and surface/deep acting as emotion regulation
emotional labor theory: employees in the emotional labor sector employ emotion regulation strategies when there is a discrepancy between the actual felt emotion and the required emotion
-surface acting: altering outward emotional expression without changing the actual feeling (fake smile)
=> associated with negative effects on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion (effortful)
=> late ER strategy in GROSS model (negative effects consistent with task 2)
-deep acting: change internal feelings
=> more authentic; relation to emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction inconclusive
=> early ER strategy in GROSS model
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
What hypotheses do the authors have regarding a mediating role surface acting?
- Surface acting will mediate the relationship trait mindfulness, state mindfulness and mindfulness intervention with job satisfaction.
- Surface acting will mediate the relationship trait mindfulness, state mindfulness and mindfulness intervention with emotional exhaustion.
The 3 sub-processes of surface acting and on which is mindfulness acting?
- negative evaluation of work event
- automatically triggered response tendency
- Need for override by response modulation -> fake smile
mindfulness acts on the first 2 by:
- re-perceiving: decoupling self from events (early ER strategy); e.g. angry customer not our fault
- decreasing automaticity of mental processes: self-regulation interrupts automaticity
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
What is the design of the correlational study?
sample: service jobs
method: 5-day diary
measurements:
1. trait mindfulness
2. after work
- state mindfulness
- surface acting
3. before going to bed
- emotional exhaustion
- job satisfaction
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
Results of correlational study
- trait and state mindfulness positively associated with job satisfaction
- trait and state mindfulness negatively associated with emotional exhaustion
- surface acting is a mediator for both
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
Design of experimental study
- to test for causality
1. same diary method
2. 2 experimental groups, 1 mindfulness intervention and 1 control
Mindfulness study (HULSHEGER)
Results of experimental study
- confirms correlational results and establishes causality
- just a between subject comparison! - subjects in mindfulness group experiences more job satisfaction and less emotional exhaustion than the control group
- mediating effect of surface acting for emotional exhaustion
- NO mediating effect of surface acting for job satisfaction
=> surface acting mediates the beneficial effect of mindfulness only for emotional exhaustion but not for job satisfaction
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Task 1: Concepts of emotion and motivation41
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Task 2 - Brain & Emotion23
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Task 3: Emotion regulation and intelligence24
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Task 4 - affect-driven attention and memory bias28
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Task 5 - Genes, Stress and Emotionality15
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Task 6 - sleep and wellbeing8
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Task 7 - Compassion and Empathy12
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Task 8 - Burnout19
