Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

What are the characteristics of the inner core of the Earth?

Answer 1

The characteristics of the inner core are:
• It is a solid and dense layer.
• About 1400 km in diameter.
• Composed of iron and nickel.
• Has a temperature of about 5500 °C.

Question 2

The oceanic crust is older than the continental crust.
True or false

Answer 2

False.
The continental crust is older than the oceanic
crust, as the oceanie crust is continually being created and destroyed

Question 3

Where do most of the world’s earthquakes occur

Answer 3

Most earthquakes (approx.
90%) occur along the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’.

Question 4

Define the term hotspot.

Answer 4

A hotspot is a plume or column of magma that escapes through the Earth’s crust away from plate boundaries, forming volcanoes.

Question 5

True or false
Volcanic eruptions mainly happen at conservative and destructive boundaries

Answer 5

False
Volcanoes mainly occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries

Question 6

Volcanic bombs are a secondary hazard of volcanic eruptions.
True or false

Answer 6

False.
Volcanic bombs are a primary hazard emitted directly from the volcano.

Question 7

State the meaning of the slab pull theory.

Answer 7

Slab pull theory suggests plate movement is caused by the weight of denser oceanic plates subducting and dragging the rest of the plate.

Question 8

Define the term plate boundary.

Answer 8

A plate boundary or margin is where two plates meet

Question 9

The Mid Atlantic Ridge is an example of what type of plate boundary?

Answer 9

The Mid Atlantic Ridge is an example of a constructive plate boundary

Question 10

What is the difference between a primary and secondary effect of a tectonic hazard?

Answer 10

Primary effects occur directly from the hazard itself, while secondary effects result from the primary effects.

Question 11

Give an example of a
primary effect of an
earthquake.

Answer 11

Buildings and homes are destroyed or damaged.
• People are injured or killed
• Transport routes are destroyed or damaged.
• Water, gas and electricity supplies are cut.

Question 12

True or False?
A lack of clean water leading to disease is a primary effect of a volcanic eruption.

Answer 12

False.
A lack of clean wateris a secondary effect, caused by the primary volcanic hazards contaminating water supplies.

Question 13

Give one long-term response to a tectonic hazard?

Answer 13

• Impriving buiding.
regulations.
• Repairing utilities (water and gas).
• Improved drills, evacuation plans and warning systems.
• Data used to predict future eruptions.
• Transport routes are rebuilt.

Question 14

Define the term immediate
response.

Answer 14

An immediate response refers to actions taken:
• Before a predicted hazardous event occurs.
• In the days and weeks immediately after a tectonic event.

Question 15

Give one example of an immediate response to an earthquake.

Answer 15

Examples of an immediate earthquake response include:
• Search and rescue teams searching for survivors.
• Medical assistance.
• Providing food, water and shelter.
• Recovery and burial of bodies.
• Evacuation.

Question 16

Define evacuation in the context of hazard responses.

Answer 16

Evacuation refers to
moving people out of areas at risk from an impending hazard.

Question 17

True or False?
One of the immediate responses after the 2015
Nepal earthquake was the introduction of earthquake drills.

Answer 17

False.
The introduction of earthquake drills was a long-term response after the 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Question 18

What were the long-term responses in Italy after the 2016 earthquake?

Answer 18

The €42 million ‘Home
Italy initiative to rebuild homes in the

same style.
• Relocation of those people who were made homeless.

• Children were able to attend schoolin nearby towns.

• Building of a temporary school in Amatrice.

Question 19

True or False?
One secondary effect of tectonic hazards is that food prices may increase.

Answer 19

True.
As a result of a tectonic hazard food prices may increase due to the decrease in supply when crops are destroyed orit is not possible to deliver food supplies to an area due to damage/destruction of the infrastructure.

Question 20

By 2025, how many people are estimated to live in tectonically active areas?

Answer 20

It is estimated 600 million people will live in tectonically active areas by 2025.

Question 21

Give two economic advantages of living near volcanoes.

Answer 21

Economic advantages include:
• Fertile soils.
• Mining minerals anci
precious stones.
• Geothermal energy.

Question 22

Define geothermal energy.

Answer 22

Geothermal energy refers to heat extracted from beneath the Earth’s surface, often near volcanic areas, and used to generate power.

Question 23

State a social reason why people live in hazard-prone areas.

Answer 23

A social reason is that people don’t want to leave their family, friends and communities they have always lived in.

Question 24

What does hazard mapping refer to?

Answer 24

Hazard mapping is using maps to identify areas at greater risk from hazards.

Question 25

True or False? False. It is possible to predict the timing of volcanic eruptions accurately.

Answer 25

False. It is possible to predict the timing of volcanic eruptions accurately. While monitoring allows the prediction of eruptions, accurate timings are not possible.

Question 26

Give one example of how volcanoes are monitored.

Answer 26

Volcanoes are monitored using several methods, including: • Seismometers. • Lasers/tiltmeters. • Remote sensing. • Gas sensors.

Question 27

What is the definition of an exclusion zone?

Answer 27

An exclusion zone is an area evacuated and which people are restricted from entering due to an impending hazard.

Question 28

State an example of earthquake protection methods.

Answer 28

include: • Earthquake drills. • Earthquake-resistant building design. • Sea walls to protect against tsunamis.

Question 29

What is involved in hazard planning for tectonic events?

Answer 29

Hazard planning involves: • Evacuation plans. • Education/drills. • Stockpiling supplies. • Training emergency services.