Tectonic Topic 3

Question 1

What is tectonic disaster risk?

Answer 1

Tectonic disaster risk refers to the potential damage to properties injuries and loss of lives from a disaster in a given period

Question 2

What is a disaster risk management

Answer 2

1. Prevent: Using strategy include the designing hazard-resistant buildings to ensure structures can withstand hazards
2. Reduce: Strategies include tsunami and earthquake early monitoring and warning systems, this enables timely evacuation
3. After: Strategies include insurance coverage which offers financial payout to rebuild when properties are damaged or destroyed

Question 3

What is some serious environmentally consequences

Answer 3

• Tectonic hazards destroy entire ecosystems and causing biodiversity loss
• The debris pollutes the river and kill aquatic lives
• The debris may block rivers causing floods that can damage nearby ecosystem

Question 4

What are some social consequences?

Answer 4

• Tectonic hazards can result in injuries and loss of lives
• People may be homeless as houses are destroyed
• The sea water brought inland by tsunami may contaminate wells and other sources of drinking water
• Individuals may suffer psychological trauma

Question 5

What are some serious of Economic consequences

Answer 5

• Can cause destruction of homes and properties
• individuals may suffer financially as it is costly to repair or rebuild their damaged homes
• Governments need to spend money to repair and rebuild

Question 6

Why is it important to reduce disaster risks

Answer 6

1. The (social, economic, environmentally) can be very severe
2. Developing countries are often disproportionately affected by tectonic hazards because they often lack the capacity to (prevent, reduce, and manage)

Question 7

What factors affect the Earthquake risks across places?

Answer 7

1. Nature: Duration of shaking and time of shaking
2. Vulnerable: Quality of building design and construction. Soil and rock properties
3. Exposure: Population density. Distance from epicentre

Question 8

What factors affect the extent of volcanic eruptions across places?

Answer 8

1. Nature: Chemical composition of magma
2. Vulnerable: Availability of surface and groundwater facilitating the development of lahars. Prevailing wind conditions affecting distribution of tephra
3. Exposure: Presence of human settlements

Question 9

The nature of the hazard that influence risks caused by earthquakes include Duration of the shaking

Answer 9

1. The length of time of ground shaking can influence the extent of disaster risks
2. The longer the duration of ground shaking, the more damaging an earthquake will be.

Question 10

The nature of the hazard that influence risks caused by earthquakes include time of shaking

Answer 10

1. The time of the day influences the activities carried out by people and how they respond when the earthquakes strike

Question 11

How can risks caused by earthquakes be influenced by the quality of building design and construction?

Answer 11

1. Quality of building design and construction plays a huge part in determining the extent of risks
2. The poorer the quality of building design and construction, the more vulnerable the buildings are to collapsing, leading to more trapped people

Question 12

How can risks caused by earthquake be influenced by soil and rock properties

Answer 12

1. It can potentially open the area up to other earthquake hazards like liquefaction
2. When the soil is saturated and loose, shaking may result in liquefaction
3. The softer the soil, the higher the disaster risks

Question 13

Why does the seismic waves get amplified when travelling from hard rocks to soft soil?

Answer 13

1. Passing from rocks to soil, he waves get slower but become bigger
2. Soft, loose soil will shake more intensely than hard rock increasing the likelihood of structure collapsing

Question 14

How can risks caused by earthquakes be influenced by the exposure of population density?

Answer 14

1. The higher the population density, the greater the number of people and buildings that are exposed to the earthquakes

Question 15

How can risks caused by earthquakes be influence by the exposure of distance from epicentre?

Answer 15

1. The nearer the city is to the epicentre, the greater the number of people and buildings exposed to the hazard hence the greater the disaster risks
2. When the city is nearer to the epicentre, less energy is absorbed by the rocks before the seismic waves reach the city
3. The seismic waves reaching the city will be stronger causing more violent shaking

Question 16

How can risks caused by volcanic eruptions be influenced by the nature of low silica magma?

Answer 16

1. Lava can flow far from the volcano before cooling
2. Damage infrastructure and properties over large areas
3. Rarely kill people, as they can avoid the pathway

Question 17

How can risks caused by volcanic eruptions be influenced by the nature of high silica magma?

Answer 17

1. May form highly destructive pyroclastic flows causing widespread damage to infrastructure etc
2. Explosion of volcanic materials may strike people and properties

Question 18

How can risks caused by volcanic eruptions be influence by the availability of surface and groundwater?

Answer 18

1. The great the availability of surface and groundwater can produce more lahars to develop.
2. Increases vulnerability of people because of increase in lahars burying properties

Question 19

How can risks caused by volcanic eruptions be influenced by the prevailing wind conditions?

Answer 19

1. Affects the distribution of ashfalls and tephra
2. The larger the areas of the spread of air pollutants, the higher the chance of people breathing it in, causing health problems

Question 20

How can disaster caused by volcanic eruptions be influenced by exposure to volcanic eruptions?

Answer 20

1. Presence of human settlement increases the exposure of people
2. People still choose to stay there is because of:
   - Volcanic soils are rich and fertile, ideal for farming
   - Geothermal energy can harnessed to provide electricity
   - Valuable minerals.

Question 21

How can community resilience be strengthened?

Answer 21

1. Involving the abilities of community living in hazard-prone zones to resist, adapt, and recover

Question 22

How can the land use planning reduce exposure to hazards?

Answer 22

1. Aims to reduce the community’s exposure by controlling and minimising development near high-risk areas
2. Using hazard maps, strict guidelines to control development

Question 23

How does hazard-resistant building designs reduce vulnerability?

Answer 23

1. They can withstand the shaking:
   - Using shock absorbers or dampers in buildings to absorb vibrations
   - Reinforcing buildings using diagonal cross braces to retain building shape
2. Prevent building from swaying to much

Question 24

How does monitoring and warning systems reduce vulnerability?

Answer 24

1. Can help make predictions and send warnings about potential hazards
2. Warning enables people to evacuate to a safer place

Question 25

How does increasing preparedness build community resilience?

Answer 25

1. Provides people with knowledge of the hazards and how to respond to them 2. First-aid training enable people to administer basic medical care 3. Conducting evacuation drills enables people to be familiar with procedures and routes

Question 26

Why is extent of community's resources a challenge in building resilience?

Answer 26

1. Lack of resource like technological and Fianacial resources 2. May influence the ability of the community 3. Developing countries often lack resources 4. Governments of developing country may choose to prioritise economic development

Question 27

Why is the capability of the community to organise itself for disasters a challenge?

Answer 27

1. It may limit the community's ability to respond and recover 2. Their capability may be limited because of lack of efforts to educate and train or political instability or corruption

Question 28

What is disaster management

Answer 28

1. How communities can adopt strategies to respond, search and rescue, timely evacuate, provision of basic social and psychological services

Question 29

Strategy: Search and Rescue efforts

Answer 29

1. Important life-saving response involving finding and saving survivors 2. Aim to rescue largest amount in short period 3. Having skilled people to rescue can save time to locate and evacuate

Question 30

Strategy: Timely Evacuation

Answer 30

1. Moving people away from areas at risk of hazards

Question 31

Strategy: provision of basic social and psychological services

Answer 31

1. Water (prevent dehydration) 2. Food (prevent starvation) 3. Healthcare (providing medical attention) 4. Psychological services: help survivors cope with psychological trauma which can last for a long time after the disaster.

Question 32

Strategies to recover from disasters

Answer 32

1. Constructing hazard-resistant buildings and infrastructure 2. Retrofitting surviving buildings with hazard features 3. Allowing residents to eventually return home 4. Providing housing assistance

Question 33

Challenges: Lack of domestic resources

Answer 33

1. May not have technological and financial resources to respond effectively 2. hamper the disaster respond efforts

Question 34

Challenges: Engaging in relevant stakeholders to collaborate

Answer 34

1. Disagreements from other stakeholders on disaster management strategies 2. Stakeholders underestimate or lack awareness of the disaster risks and need 3. High cost of integrating disaster management