What does the PAR model stand for
The Pressure and Release model
What makes the up the PAR model?
Progress of vulnerability + Hazards = Disaster
What 3 factors make up the progress of vulnerability
Root causes
Dynamic Pressures
Unsafe Conditions
List a range of Impacts of the Haiti Earthquake (2010) and categorise these impacts into Social, Economic and Environmental
- Civil offices destroyed and staff killed - Governance broken. Decision making in regards to reconstructing skewered (Social)
- 222,570 casualties (social)
- 2.3 million displaced. 800,000 forced to live in 450 camps. (Social)
- only 3 camps had potable (clean) water
- phone lines failed, loss of outside communication for aid and relief
- $7.8b in damages (economic)
- 80-90% properties destroyed (socioeconomic)
-Economic tax destroyed due to a lack of strong infrastructure (economic)
Why was Haiti so vulnerable to the earthquake
- The Capital, Port-au-Prince, is 15km South-West of earthquake epicentre
- Haiti is very close to the Caribbean Plate edge (conservative plate boundary).
- Haiti is a developing country and has very little access to strong building infrastructure.
- The last major earthquake occurred 1770: no one had any experience on dealing with high magnitude earthquakes.
- Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world
- Haiti is resides on soft sedimentary rock, which makes it very susceptible to crumbling
What are hazard profiles?
A graphical form of measuring the range of different characteristics. These include:
- magnitude
- speed of onset
- Duration
- Casualties
- frequency
- Recovery rate
Hazard profiles can contain multiple case studies in one graph so they can compare the severity of the characteristics.
What earthquake case studies are there?
Sichuan, China (2008)
Haiti (2010)
Tohoku, Japan (2011) (includes tsunami)
Define Governance and explain the significance of governance in an area
Governance is the sum of the numerous ways individuals and institutions, both public and private, manage their common affairs.
With strong and stable governance in any given area, Decisions made in regards to improving/recovering the area after a hazard are faster and better catered to the area as it is the community deciding what goes where.
What can increase the vulnerability of an area
- Development paths widening, creating inequality
- unsafe working conditions
What can decrease the vulnerability of an area?
- A good environment for promotion of disaster-mitigation strategies (education, high infrastructure)
- Secure access to food and potable water
- Trade and technology reducing poverty
What does a high resilience community consist of?
- Strong emergency options
- Large global stamp, numerous connections to to other regions
- Strong infrastructure
What does a low resilience community consist of?
Low governance interaction
Unstable governance
How did Haiti manage the 2010 earthquake?
Strategies undergone
- Telethon raising $35m allowed for 14 million ration packs to be sent
- By 2011, the priority was re-establishing the economy and finding sustainable settlements for civilians.
- Manually lifting rubble, no lifting gear was available
what was the potency of Haiti’s resilience? Have things returned to normal
Low Resilience - No governance
- Not fully restored to normality, although services have been rebuilt
- Progress slow due to destroyed governance (lack of decision-making)
- Bigger earthquakes are forecast to hit
What were the impacts of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake? Categorise these impacts into Social, economic and environmental.
- Almost 90,000 casualties and 18,000 classified missing (social)
- Increasing population displaced (approx 5 million) (social)
- $191,313 million in destruction costs (economic)
- $137.5 billion spent on rebuilding areas (economic)
What affected the vulnerability of Sichuan to the earthquake? How vulnerable were they?
Very vulnerable
- Sichuan is situated on the major faults that make up the Longmenshan fault complex
- Contrasting levels of infrastructure
- There was no warning and thus no preparedness.
- Epicentre 30-50km Southwest of cities Miansizhen and Wenchuan.
- 50 miles from mega city Chengdu (7.6 million)
What was the resilience of Sichuan post-hazard?
Good resilience
- infrastructure improved since
- No buildings collapsed in an earthquake after this one
- Governance maintained, decisions were made fast
- 130,000+ soldiers and relief operatives deployed within hours
- two weeks from the earthquake, temporary houses with road infrastructre were being built, accommodating the displaced population
- Chinese banks wrote off debts from survivors who had no insurance.
What are the different forms of measuring hazard magnitude? What hazard types do they classify?
- The Mercalli Scale: earthquakes
- The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI scale) : volcanoes
- The Richter scale: earthquakes
What are the 4 hazard mitigation strategies?
Land use zoning
Diverting lava flows
GIS mapping
Hazard resisting design and engineering defences
What are the 4 hazard adaptation strategies?
High tech monitoring
Crisis mapping
Modelling hazard impacts
Public education
-
Glaciation22
-
Globalisation4
-
Regeneration1
-
Tectonics20
-
Water EQ 112
-
Water EQ 212
-
Water EQ 30
-
Superpowers EQ 10
-
Superpowers EQ 20
-
Superpowers EQ 30
-
1+ facts/stats per case study (Regeneration)15
-
Carbon and water case studies11
-
Fluvioglacial processes11
-
Carbon7
-
1+ fact per case study (MIS)24
