1
Q
What is enquiry question 1?
A
Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards?
2
Q
What is the distribution of tectonic hazards?
A
concentrated along plate boundaries
Ring of fire in pacific
intraplate hazards
3
Q
What percentage of volcanoes happen in the ring of fire?
A
75%
4
Q
What are the four plate boundaries?
A
Convergent
Collision
Divergent
Conservative
5
Q
What is the structure of the earth?
A
lithosphere (solid, rigid)
Asthenosphere(plastic-putty texture- partially molten)
Mantle (solid, plastic)
Outer core (liquid)
Inner core (solid nickel and iron)
6
Q
How hot is the earths inner core?
A
6000 degrees
7
Q
What is slab pull?
A
suggests plates are pulled down into mantle through gravity and sliding
8
Q
What is ridge push?
A
Occurs at mis ocean ridges which becomes thicker and denser as it cools causing its weight to increase and the plate is pushed down my gravity
9
Q
Which plate is the convergent boundary?
A
When oceanic meets continental crust and one becomes subducted
10
Q
Which plate is the collision boundary?
A
Two plates meet and push upwards
11
Q
Which plate is the divergent boundary?
A
two plates are moving apart
12
Q
Which plate is the conservative boundary?
A
two plates sliding past each other
13
Q
What forms at a convergent plate boundary?
A
deep ocean trenches
fold mountains due to subduction
Underwater volcanoes (oceanic meets oceanic)
Island arcs
composite volcanoes
deep earthquakes
14
Q
What forms at a divergent plate boundary?
A
formation of new crust
mid ocean ridges
submarine volcanoes
rift valleys
shield volcanoes
15
Q
What forms at a collision plate boundary?
A
Fold mountains
16
Q
What forms at a conservative plate boundary?
A
powerful earthquakes (strong and shallow)
17
Q
What are intraplate boundaries related to?
A
associated with ancient faults such as Rhine rift valley
Solid crust cracking over millions of years
associated with smaller magnitude earthquakes
18
Q
What causes volcanic hotspots?
A
mantle plumes (a stationary upswelling of abnormally hot rock within earths magma)
Examples: yellow stone and Hawaii
19
Q
How many major tectonic plates are there?
A
7
20
Q
How many minor plates are there?
A
10
21
Q
How many microplates are there?
A
50
22
Q
How do microplates cause earthquakes and tsunamis?
A
numerous microplates moving in different direction and at different speeds
23
Q
What did tomography reveal?
A
revealed ‘torn’ slabs of oceanic plates as well as ‘detached’ which were suspended in the mantle
24
Q
What does seismic tomography use?
A
P-waves and S-waves to produce a 2D and 3D image of the earth’s interior
25
What is mantle drag?
slow creep motion of convection currents
26
How fast are convection currents?
very slow, around 20mm per year with a slow creep
27
What is the study of palaeomagnetism?
Study of the earths ancient magnetic field, north and south pole pull the continents and crusts apart
28
What was the name of the super continent?
pangea
29
What is sea floor spreading?
where tectonic plates split apart from each other, occurs at mid ocean ridges which changes size of sea floor. Driven by mantle convections
30
What are the four components of the anatomy of the earthquake?
focus-point beneath earths crust where earthquake originates
epicentre-point above crust directly above focus
seismic waves-waves that transmit energy released
fault-fracture in rocks that make up earths crust
31
What are the primary effects of an earthquake?
ground shaking
buildings collapes
32
What are the secondary impacts of an earthquake?
tsunamis
liquefaction
landslides
33
What is liquefaction?
When the ground shaking causes rocks to become more liquid than solid
34
Describe P waves
longitudinal
travels the fastest
solids+liquids
35
Describe S waves
secondary waves
transverse
displace the ground perpendicular to the direction of propagation
36
Describe L waves
shake side to side
slowest travelling
focuses all it's energy on earths surface
37
Describe R waves
travel along surface of a solid causing elliptical motion of the particles
responsible for damage during earthquake
38
What did Harry Hess do?
mapped out ocean floor across the pacific
39
What did Wegner use to support theory of super continent?
Jigsaw fit
geological fit
tectonic fit
glacial deposition
40
What did Wegner discover?
continental drift
(used fossils for evidence)
41
What did Dan Mackenzie add to Wegner's idea?
applied his knowledge of thermo dynamics of how plates move, suggesting two layered mantle
42
What did Kiyoo Wadati discover?
patterns of earthquakes descending at angled path from trenches
43
What determines eruption types?
crystals (how thick)
Gases
High temprature
44
What is the order of most destructive volcano types plus examples?
Icelandic eruption (Iceland)
Hawaiian eruption (Hawaii)
Strombolian eruption (volcano in Italy)
Vulcanian eruption (island of volcanoes)
Pelean eruptions (mount Pelé Philippines)
Plinian eruption (mount Vesuvius, Rome)
45
What are the three types of magma?
Basaltic, Andesitic, Rhyolitic
46
What is the scale of the volcanic explosivity index?
0 - 8
47
What kind of scale does the volcanic explosivity index use?
logarithmic (each number increases by factor of 10)
48
What three factors make up the volcanic explosivity index?
amount and height of volcanic material ejected
how long eruption lasts
qualitative descriptive terms (gentle, explosive, etc)
49
What does the VEI index stand for?
Volcanic Explosivity Index
50
What are the primary hazards of a volcanic hazard?
Lava flows
pyroclastic flow
ask fall
gas eruption
51
What are the secondary impacts of a volcanic hazard?
lahars (like mudflows but consist of heavy rain + ask)
jokulhlaup (glacier on top of volcano so when volcano erupts it melts causing flash floods of water + ash so more viscous)
52
What does the higher the gas content mean?
More explosive the volcano
53
What are the three types of magma?
basaltic
Andesitic
rhyolitic
54
what are the characteristics of basaltic magma?
low viscosity, 1-2% silica content, 50% gas content, shield volcanoes
55
what are the characteristics of andesitic magma?
medium viscosity, 3-4% silica, 60% gas content, medium explosivity, composite volcano
56
what are the characteristics of rhyolitic magma?
high viscosity, 4-6% silica content, 70% gas content, greatest explosivity, cinder cone volcano
57
In spearman's rank what does n stand mean in the equation?
number of places/ranks
58
In spearman's rank what does d stand for in the equation?
difference between the two ranks
59
What is spearman's rank used for?
used to see the correlation between two variables
60
When would you reject the null hypothesis in spearman's rank?
if it's more than the critical value
61
How does a tsunami form?
two overlapping plates become stuck, seismic energy begins to accumulate and the continental plate become distorted, stuck area ruptures releasing seismic energy causing a water column to be displaced, tsunami wave spreads and the waves arrive in a sequence
62
What are some facts about tsunamis?
waves arrive in sequence with the 4th and 5th wave being the largest
can be reflected and refracted by land
travels in two directions
63
What were the impacts of the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami?
coastal settlements devastated, infrastructure destroyed, economies devastated, destroyed tourism +fishing + agriculture jobs, cost of $10 billion
64
impacts of tsunamis?
can travel at 7 mph- sweeping away trees, buildings, bridges and people
washes away soil undermining foundation of buildings and destroying farmlands
can completely change landscapes
65
What is enquiry question 2 of tectonics?
why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?
66
define natural hazard
potential to effect people
67
define natural disaster
causes significant social, economic or environmental damage
68
define mega disaster
reaches catastrophic proportion
69
how many dead for hazard to be defined as natural disaster
10 or more
70
how many dead for hazard to be defined as a mega disaster
2000+
71
For a natural disaster clarification does international aid have to be requested?
yes
72
For a mega disaster clarification does international aid have to be requested?
dependant on aid from abroad for atleast a year
73
For a mega disaster clarification what does the GDP have to be reduced to?
at least 5%
74
why are there fewer volcanic disasters?
temporal and spatial predictability
however some have wider impact
75
define resilience
ability to protect lives, livelihood and infrastructure from destruction and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occured
76
what is the equation for risk?
hazard x vulnerability
/
capacity to cope
77
name some types of vulnerabilities
levels of development
weak infrastructure
government relationships
lack of defences
population density
prediction tools
quality of energy services
location
war/conflict
demographics
limited communication
building type
78
what are the main factors which increase vulnerability to hazards
economic and social condition
physical and environmental conditions
governance and political decisions
79
how can economic and social conditions affect vulnerability?
levels of wealth (what can they protect against)
access to education
poor quality housing
poor health care system
lack of income opportunities
80
how can physical and environmental conditions affect vulnerability?
areas with high population density tend to have lower quality housing
rapid urbanisation
accessibility to area
81
how can governance and political decisions affect vulnerability?
extent of a building codes and regulation determine quality and safety of buildings
quality of existing infrastructure
preparedness plans
efficiency of emergency services
quality of communication systems
public education
levels of corruption effect how resources are used
82
what were the root causes for Japans 2011 earthquake
low levels of corruption
75% of buildings earthquake proof
commitment to repair
83
what were the dynamic pressures for Japans 2011 earthquake
well developed disaster plans
effected nuclear plant
marked evacuation routes and shelters
10m high walls for tsunamis
84
what were the unsafe conditions for Japans 2011 earthquake
Fukushima power plant near coasrt
85
What were the root causes for Chinas earthquake?
wrote of debts for survivors
$10 billion pledged for rebuilding works
86
What were the dynamic pressures for Chinas earthquake?
130,000 soldiers put into area
medical services instantly restored
87
What were the unsafe conditions for Chinas earthquake?
mountainous region
88
What were the root causes for Haiti's 2010 earthquake?
mainly agricultural industries
one of poorest countries in western hemisphere
blocked roads
most live on less than $2 a day
government in lots of debt
89
What were the dynamic pressures for Haiti's 2010 earthquake?
high density populated area
11.5 million population
98% deforestation
lack of heavy duty lifting conditions
rapid urbanisation
90
What were the unsafe conditions for Haiti's 2010 earthquake?
mostly mountainous
prone to hurricanes
buildings built on soft soil
low GDP per capita
91
What is the PAR used for?
helps to understand the factors that create disasters and what creates vulnerability
92
What is the PAR model
pressure and release
93
What do hazard profiles show
shows main characteristics of tectonic hazards (good for comparisons)
94
How do we measure tectonic events?
magnitude
intensity
95
How do we measure magnitude
richter scale
moment magnitude scale
volcanic explosivity index
96
How do we measure intensity
amount of damage caused
mercalli intensity scale
tsunami intensity scale
97
Why is the Moment Magnitude scale used over the Richter scale
Richter scale did not pick up high frequencies so underestimated larger earthquakes so MMS used to give broader spectrum on earthquakes
98
What is the swiss cheese model?
each layer of cheese if a layer or protection
modifying should aim to reduce number and size of holes in each layer of cheese
99
Define governance
sum of many ways individuals and institutions, public and private manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative actions may be taken
100
what was the literacy rate for Haiti?
60-65%
101
How many docters per 10000 in haiti?
2.4
102
What was the literacy rate in Sichuan China?
96-98%
103
How many people left homeless in sichuan china
5 million
104
how many docters per 1000 people in sichuan china
2.5
105
What was the literacy rate in japan
99%
106
how many homeless people after earthquake japan
4000-6000
107
How many docters per 1000 people in japan
3
108
What is enquiry question 3?
how successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?
109
how has the growth of social media influenced how many tectonic events there are?
give impression that tectonic hazards are increasing (exposure increased)
news reports more frequent
speed at which we know about the event increased
false news/accuracy
funding into news paper reporting
110
why have trends of tectonic activity raised in recent years?
technology
number of people affected increased
impacts of tectonic disasters on population fallen
economic impact increasing
111
What does the WRR stand for
world risk report
112
what is the WRR
main focus is the threat from, or exposure to key natural hazards and rise in sea level due to climate change, as well as social vulnerability in form of susceptibility and capacity to cope and adapt
113
What is multiple hazard zones?
area which is at risk of multiple hazards, important because it helps decisions makers to : understand regions hazards, set priorities for action and to assign resources
114
What plate boundary does the Philippines sit on?
convergent boundry (volcanoes, earthquakes)
115
How many volcanoes are there in the Philippines?
47 (22 that are active)
116
What percent of the population in the Philippines live within 30km of a volcano?
30%
117
How many people were killed or injured in the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines?
killed 15 injured 100
118
How many buildings were damaged or destroyed in the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines?
800
119
How tall were the tsunamis in the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines?
3m
120
What happened when a landslide breached a crater in the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines?
sediment fell into lake causing major flooding
121
What are the four stages in the hazard management cycle?
mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery
122
In the hazard management cycle what is the mitigation focus?
steps to reduce the impact
123
In the hazard management cycle what is the preparedness focus?
emergency planners
124
In the hazard management cycle what is the response focus?
coping with the disaster
125
In the hazard management cycle what is the recovery focus
short term and long term focus
126
In the hazard management cycle what actions are taken during the mitigation phase?
zoning and land use planning
developing and enforcing building codes
buildings protective structures
127
In the hazard management cycle what actions are taken during the preparedness phase?
preparedness plan
early warning signs
evacuation routes
raising public awareness
stock piling aid + supplies
128
In the hazard management cycle what actions are taken during the response phase?
research and rescue
evacuating people
restoring critical infrastructure
ensuring critical services continue
129
In the hazard management cycle what actions are taken during the recovery phase?
short term
essential healthcare services
restoring water + power
re establishing transport routes
long term
rebuilding homes
repairing and rebuilding infrastructure
re-opening businesses and schools
130
What are the limitations for the park model
over simplified & doesn't take into account complex factors (e.g. social, political)
doesn't look at magnitude
data not focus
131
What are the advantages to the park model
easy for stake holders to interpret
can be done for each hazard
park model good for comparison
132
What does the Hazard management cycle show
the more effectiveness each stage is the more likely impacts will be smaller, needs equal effectiveness in each stage to be effective, continuous cycle that does not stop
133
What does the park model show?
How quality of life changes due to hazard, the steeper the line the more developed the preparedness and effectiveness, if significant deterioration it indicates more mitigation and preparedness needed
134
What causes data fluxuations for prediction and forecasting?
when disaster happens focus is on solving lives and not collecting data
multiple organisations collect data with different methods
differences in definitions of some key terms and categories used
difficult to gather data from remote areas
some countries untruthful with data
135
What is a country example of being untruthful with data?
Thailand not reporting full deaths as to not effect tourism
136
What are the four mitigation hazard management types?
land use zoning
GIS mapping
diverting lava flow
hazard resistant buildings
137
What are the four adaptation hazard management types?
modelling hazard impacts
public education
crisis mapping
high tech monitoring
138
What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation?
mitigation- actions taken to reduce or prevent impacts
adaptation- coping with hazards by monitoring or helping affected areas
139
What is land use zoning (hazard management)?
shows high risk areas and where to build or reinforce buildings
140
What is GIS mapping (hazard management)?
identifies high risk zones, plan evacuation routes, creates map of hazard prone areas
141
What is diverting lava flow (hazard management)?
digging trenches around urban area protected to redivert lava away
142
What is hazard resistant buildings? (hazard management)?
adding supports to help buildings not crumble or be destroyed
143
What is modelling hazard impact (hazard management)?
using simulations and predictive models to see impacts, identifies high risk areas (GIS+models+past events)
144
What is public education (hazard management)?
good education and better public awareness can help people protect themselves against hazard
145
what is crisis mapping (hazard management)?
uses crowd sourced information in order to update current picture of effected areas (uses GIS mapping + crowd sourced data)
146
What is high tech monitoring (hazard management)?
using advanced tech to predict and monitor tectonic hazards (e.g satellite imadry)
147
What is enquiry question 3?
how successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?
148
What is prediction?
when and where hazard will occur
149
What is forecasting?
likelihood of hazard occurring
150
What are the two examples of global hazard management?
2005 Hyogo framework for action (HFA)
2015 Sendai framework for disaster reduction
151
What are the benefits of global scale management?
cooperation
investment
knowledge sharing
accountability
time frame
manageable priorities
152
What was the 2005 Hyogo framework for action (HFA) priorities?
monitor disasters and increase warnings
reduce risk factors
strengthen disaster preparedness
153
What was the 2015 Sendai framework for disaster reduction priorities?
understanding disaster risk
enhancing disaster risk governance
enhance recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction
154
What were the hazard managements used in new zealand?
community engagement
risk of tolerance methodology
resilient buildings
stabilise legislative framework
prioritise vulnerable communities
155
Who are the stake holders in tectonics?
modellers/forecasters
scientists (e.g. volcanologists, seismologists, oceanographers)
governments/local council
IGO's
NGO's
insurers
