Tectonics 3.1.5

Question 1

Name the two ways in which humans can respond to tectonic hazards

Answer 1

1. Monitoring to try predict a hazard that can be made aware to everyone
2. Mitigating the hazard by modifications

Question 2

How would monitoring help decrease vulnerability, list the three main reasons

Answer 2

1. Used to prepare for the hazard event
2. See which areas people can safely evacuate to
3. Allowing aid providers to be prepared

Question 3

Name three factors that influence hazard prediction

Answer 3

1.past records help to understand reoccurring intervals, so people roughly know when a hazard is due
2. Helps to warn people and authorities so there’s no panic or rash decisions
3. predicting where regionally is easy, due to plate boundaries and hotspots but precisely on a local scale is hard, except for a fixed point of a volcano

Question 4

What is the only prediction/warning we can use so far for earthquakes

Answer 4

Animal behaviour, so birds flocking away and animals acting strange have been evident before earthquakes

Question 5

How does monitoring for volcanoes help decrease vulnerability

Answer 5

Monitoring helps to notice environmental changes
eg. gas emissions and seismic activity
Not fully accurate but the majority of volcanoes have been predicted so warns are sent out to help prepare and evacuate nearby areas

Question 6

How are Tsunami’s monitored

Answer 6

Tsunamis can be monitored only by undersea seismic activity, once activated they are tracked, to warn oncoming countries

Question 7

Name the three ways that tectonic hazards can be mitigated (reduced)

Answer 7

1. Modify the event
2. Modify the vulnerability
3. Modify the loss

Question 8

Name the hazards that can be mitigated by humans ‘modifying the event’
Define what it is
Give two case study examples

Answer 8

Volcanos and tsunamis
To change who is affected, they try to stop any secondary impacts
1. Lake Nyos 1986 mitigating strategy was to set up degassing equipment to minimise gases building up in the future
2. Kilauea Hawaii 2018 mitigating strategy was to create channels to redirect the lava flow away from populated areas

Question 9

Name the hazards that can mitigated by humans ‘modifying the vulnerability’
What is it
Give two case study examples

Answer 9

Volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis
Modifying the vulnerability and risk is ensuring communities are prepared (Earthquake resistant infrastructure) and are educated

1. Japan Tsunami 2011 - decreased vulnerability by doing regular evacuation drills and have sea wall defences. These actions mitigate vulnerability and enhances communities preparedness to ensure efficient recovery
2. Christchurch, NZ 2011- enforcing strict building codes after this has helped to reduce the number of buildings that collapse.

Question 10

Modifying the loss is focused on what
define what it means
Give two case study examples

Answer 10

Modifying the loss is focussed on rescue and relief efforts
The use of emergency aid arriving fast can improve the amount of deaths from secondary impacts
1. Haiti 2010 - immediate relief from international aid was crucial and financial aid for reconstructing houses or providing temporary shelters. This helped mitigate short term impacts but in the long term the recovery has been slow
2. Chile 2010- provided financial assistance to help businesses affected. Helping reconstruction of buildings to a higher standard was efficient so no one was left homeless in the long term.

Question 11

A range of factors are interrelated in response to the hazards, what is the name of the cycle that expresses this

Answer 11

The hazard Disaster Management Cycle

Question 12

Name the three main physical factors that affect responses

Answer 12

1. Type of hazard - magnitude, scale, impact
2. climate
3. accessibility of location

Question 13

Name the three main human factors that influence responses

Answer 13

1. level of development
2. population density (how many died)
3. level of education affecting preparedness

Question 14

List the 5 step process of the hazard disaster management cycle

Answer 14

pre event- monitoring and predicting
hazard event
during event- evacuations
after event- rehabilitation, ST recovery
after event - reconstruction, LT recovery
Modifying the event involved mitigations and prevention for future
disaster free period
then cycle repeats