What is the difference between a hazard and a disaster?
A hazard refers to a natural event that has the potential to cause harm, while a disaster is the realization of that hazard, resulting in significant damage or loss.
What factors influence the interaction of vulnerable communities with hazards?
Factors include poverty, poor infrastructure, population density, and governance.
How are differing countries impacted by tectonic hazards?
Impacts vary based on factors like development level, governance, and preparedness, leading to different social, economic, and environmental outcomes.
What is VEI and what does it measure?
VEI stands for Volcanic Explosivity Index. It is a logarithmic scale that measure the total volume of ejected material (ash, gas, lava), the height of the eruption column, and qualitative observations.
How does inequality influence vulnerability and resilience?
Inequality can increase vulnerability by limiting access to resources, education, and effective governance, while hindering resilience.
How does governance influence vulnerability and resilience?
Effective governance can improve preparedness, response, and recovery, thus enhancing resilience against hazards.
What does the hazard risk equation model explain?
It explains the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience, and disaster risk.
Define risk in the context of natural hazards.
Risk is the potential for loss or damage when exposed to a hazard.
What does vulnerability refer to?
Vulnerability refers to the degree to which people or places are susceptible to damage.
What does capacity to cope refer to?
Capacity to cope refers to the ability of individuals, communities, or governments to manage, respond to, and recover from hazard events.
What is the main contributing factor towards the disaster in Haiti during the 2010 earthquake?
High vulnerability combined with low capacity to cope due to poverty and weak infrastructure.
What was the economic impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?
Economic losses reached $8 billion, equivalent to over 120% of Haiti’s GDP.
What were the social impacts of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China?
Approximately 87,000 deaths, over 375,000 injuries, and 5 million homeless.
What was the economic cost of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan?
The disaster cost over $235 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster in history.
What was a significant environmental impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake?
Radioactive material contaminated land and sea due to the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
What triggered the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?
A magnitude 9.1–9.3 undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Sumatra.
What were the social impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?
More than 230,000 people killed and over 1.7 million displaced.
What was the economic impact of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption?
Economic losses reached up to €3.3 billion.
What was the main reason for no casualties during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption?
Strong monitoring systems and early ash advisories.
Fill in the blank: The PAR model begins with root causes such as limited access to _____ and _____, often linked to poverty.
power, resources
What was the main reason for the high death toll during the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption?
Governance failure and lack of effective evacuation despite warnings.
What is a stratovolcano?
A volcano formed by the accumulation of lava flows and ash, often characterised by explosive eruptions.
What is a phreatomagmatic eruption?
An eruption caused by magma interacting explosively with external water, creating large amounts of steam and ash.
True or False: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami led to the establishment of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.
True
