What is T.E.M
TEM is an attempt to develop a mind-set which enhances the identification of threats,
minimizes the opportunities for error, and resolves those errors when they do occur.
The TEM model has three basic components:
Threats
Errors
Undesired aircraft states
What are threats?
Threats originate in the environment outside the cockpit or in the cockpit and are not
directly attributable to something the crew did or did not do.
What are errors?
Errors originate from pilot actions or inactions that have the potential to adversely affect the
safety of the flight.
What are Undesired Aircraft States?
Include such things as inappropriate flap selection on take-off or landing, flight above or below the desired altitude, airspeed too high or too low during climb or descent or unintentional stalls or spins. Note that an undesired aircraft state can result from either a threat such as turbulence or wind shear, or an error such as inappropriate use of controls.
What are some examples of external threats?
- Distractions caused by passengers or cabin crew
• Unexpected requests or enquiries from ATC
• Weather problems
• Maintenance issues
• Heavy traffic situations and/or unfamiliar aerodromes
• Missed approach
• Pressure to meet time schedules
• In-flight diversion
• System failures
Examples of anticipated external threats include?
Anticipated, or expected, external threats would include such things as weather and heavy traffic or unfamiliar aerodromes.
Examples of unexpected external threats include?
Unexpected external threats would include such things as distractions from passengers, inflight diversions and missed approaches.
Examples of latent external threats include?
Latent external threats are not directly obvious to the pilot but are lurking in the background waiting for a particular set of circumstances. They include such things as a ‘user unfriendly’ work environment such as poor cockpit design or instrument layout, aircraft design characteristics and company policies that do not adequately address proper maintenance issues or pilot fatigue and optical illusions such as sloping runways or ‘black hole’ approaches
What does Internal threats mean?
Internal threats are brought to the cockpit in the persons of the pilot and crew. They cannot in themselves be called errors but they increase the likelihood of errors.
What are some Examples of Internal threats?
They include such things as: • Pilot fatigue • Team familiarity in multi-crew aircraft • Language and cultural issues • Health and fitness • Pilot experience and personality • Pilot recency and proficiency
What are some examples of environmental threats?
They include:
• Weather such as thunderstorms, icing, cross wind/tail wind/downwind wind shear and turbulence
• Airspace communication problems such as may occur in CTA or in a CTAF area
• Ground environments at airports including signage, the presence of birds or obstructions
• Terrain about and below the aircraft
• Operational pressures such as late arrivals or unserviceability’s
What are some tools and techniques to manage threats?
- Detailed study of weather en-route and at the destination
- Ensuring compliance with operational requirements pertaining to the flight
- Checking ERSA for arrival at unfamiliar aerodromes for special procedures
- Thorough and careful pre-flight inspection
- Self-assessment of fitness, recency and experience required
- Familiarity with aircraft type and emergency procedures
- Application of standard operating procedures [SOP].
What are some examples of organisational threats?
- Documentation errors [incorrect data entry or misinterpretation of manuals
- Tour of duty problems
What is an example of Threats?
They include things such as poor weather, wind shear, high pilot workload in very busy airspace and interruptions or distractions during an approach to land.
Systematic Error
Definite Patern
Random Error
No Pattern
Sporadic Error
Never happens but when it does its like what the fuck
The most difficult error to remedy
Vigilance Decrement
Decreases after 30mins
Systematic Counter Measures
Stall Warning devices
Systems failure warnings
Airborne collision avoidance systems
Ground proximity warning systems
Other System-Based Countermeasures
Standard operating procedures (SOP’s)
Written checklists
Briefing
Training
Planning Countermeasures include
Flight planning
Pre flight briefing
Contingency planning to cope with expected threats that may arise
Execution Countermeasures include:
Monitoring engine, flight and navigation instruments
Cross-checked information
Good systems and workload management to ensure situational awareness is maintained
Review countermeasures cope with unexpected contingencies
Evaluating and modifying plans as thr flight procreds
Remaining alert and assertive in identifying and addressing issues as they arise
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Diet + Exercise12
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Hyperventilation & Hypoxia24
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The Heart19
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Ailments40
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Cardio Respiratory System46
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Hearing28
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Vision33
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Balance, Sickness & Acceleration16
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Toxic Hazards12
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Visual Illusions19
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Drugs7
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Smoking3
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Alcohol11
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Points to Remember3
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HF Physiology Practice Questions64
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TEM Diagram14
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TEM Notes25
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HF Phycology TEM Practice Questions45
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Two Dimension Model4
