BIOL 364 > Temperature 1 > Flashcards

Temperature 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does thermal energy affect animals (2)

A
  • influences chemical interactions that affect macromolecular structure and biochemical reactions
  • affect shape and function of all proteins, including enzymes
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2
Q

what equation is used to describe the effects of thermal energy on animal functions

A
  • Van’t Hoff equation
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3
Q

Van’t Hoff equation (2)

A
  • Q10 = (k2/k1)^10/(t2-t1)
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4
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: k2 and k1

A
  • rates of the reaction at two different temperatures
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5
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: t2 and t1

A
  • two different temperatures
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6
Q

Van’t Hoff equation: simplified (2)

A
  • for exactly 10 C change
  • Q10 = k2/k1
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7
Q

what are the Q10 values for more chemical reactions (metabolism, growth, locomotion) (2)

A
  • 2-3
  • reaction doubles or triples with a 10 C change in temperature
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8
Q

what are the Q10 values for a purely physical process (diffusion) (2)

A
  • closer to 1.0
  • temperature effects are more minimal
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9
Q

what is temperature often referred to

A
  • ecological master factor
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10
Q

thermal strategy

A
  • combination of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses that ensure body temperature is within an acceptable limit
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11
Q

ambient temperature (2)

A
  • temperature of the animal’s surroundings
  • most important environmental influence on the animal’s thermal strategy
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12
Q

what thermal factors must animals be able to survive (2)

A
  • thermal extremes
  • thermal changes over days, seasons, etc
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13
Q

what kind of temperature changes do ecosystems experience (2)

A
  • spatial variation in temperature
  • temporal variation in temperature
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14
Q

what are the ranges of temperatures in terrestrial life

A
  • 60 C to +60 C
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15
Q

what are the ranges of temperatures in aquatic life

A
  • 2 C to +40 C
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16
Q

why do fish have poor freezing temperature tolerance

A
  • fish cannot survive in ice, so there is no selection for freezing temperature tolerance
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17
Q

what are the two major thermal strategies (2)

A
  • tolerance
  • regulation
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18
Q

thermal strategy: tolerance

A
  • body temperature is allowed to vary with ambient temperature
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19
Q

thermal strategy: regulation

A
  • body temperature does not vary with ambient temperatures
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20
Q

what is body temperature a reflection of

A
  • the thermal energy of the molecules in the body
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21
Q

describe the movement of thermal energy/heat fluxes (3)

A
  • can move between animals and the environment
  • thermal energy moves “down” a temperature gradient
  • many sources and sinks of thermal energy
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22
Q

what types of thermal energy contribute to total thermal energy (5)

A
  • metabolism
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiation
  • evaporation
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23
Q

conduction

A
  • transfer of thermal energy from one object or fluid to another
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24
Q

heat flux symbol

A

Q

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25
heat flux
- rate of transfer from warm to cold
26
heat flux equation name
- Fourier's law
27
Fourier's law
Q = λ * ΔT / L
28
Fourier's Law: λ
- thermal conductivity
29
Fourier's Law: ΔT
- temperature gradient
30
Fourier's Law: L
- distance over which the gradient extends
31
heat transfer mechanisms (4)
- conduction - radiation - convection - evaporation
32
heat transfer mechanisms: conduction (2)
- gain or loss to the environment - transfer by **direct contact**
33
heat transfer mechanisms: radiation (2)
- gain or loss to the environment - transfer by means of **electromagnetic radiation**
34
heat transfer mechanisms: convection
- gain or loss to the environment - transfer to a **moving medium**
35
what are examples a moving medium during convection (2)
- breathing air or water - wind chill
36
heat transfer mechanisms: evaporation
- heat loss to the environment - transfer as a result of the **latent heat of evaporation**
37
what are examples of the latent heat of evaporation (3)
- sweating - breathing - drying
38
why does sweating help to cool us down (2)
- converting water from liquid to vapor uses energy - by covering body with water, it will evaporate and use energy to cool us down
39
what aspects of our anatomy can change the rate of heat exchange (2)
- surface area - surface insulation
40
which organs are better at transferring heat (2)
- respiratory organs - high surface area and low surface insulation
41
what is the role of behaviour in heat transfer mechanisms
- behaviour can alter rates of heat exchange
42
what are the major determinants of heat exchange via conduction (2)
- thermal conductivity - heat capacitance
43
thermal conductivity
- ability of heat energy to move within material
44
how are thermal conductivity and insulation related
- high conductivity = poor insulation
45
heat capacitance
- ability to store heat energy
46
what is the heat capacitance in water vs air (2)
- water can store 3000x more heat than air - water is considered a heat sink
47
what do thermal conductivity and heat capacitance influence (3)
- life in water vs air - insulation materials - behaviour
48
how does the SA:V ratio affect heat exchange
- high ratio increases rates of heat exchange
49
compare the rates of heat exchange between large and small animals
- large animals exchange heat more slowly than small animals
50
Bergmann's rule
- mammals and birds living in cold environments tend to be larger
51
Allen's rule
- mammals and birds in colder climates have smaller extremities
52
what behaviours can affect SA:V ratio
- body posture - huddling behaviour
53
how does body posture affect heat exchange
- can alter the exposed surface area
54
how does huddling behaviour affect heat exchange
- reduces effective surface area for heat exchange
55
insulation
- layer of material that reduces thermal exchange
56
internal insulation
- insulation under the skin
57
internal insulation: example
- blubber
58
external insulation
- insulation on the body surface
59
external insulation: examples (4)
- hair - feathers - air - water
60
what determines the effectiveness of insulation
- depends on the thickness
61
what terms are used to describe the relative stability of body temperature (2)
- piokilotherm - homeotherm
62
poikilotherm
- variable body temperature
63
homeotherm
- stably body temperature
64
what are terms to describe the sources of thermal energy in animals (2)
- ectotherm - endotherm
65
ectotherm
- environment determines body temperature
66
endotherm
- animal generates internal heat to maintain body temperature
67
what animals are commonly classified as endothermic, homeotherms (2)
- mammals - birds
68
what animals are commonly classified as ectothermic poikilotherms (4)
- amphibians - reptiles - fish - invertebrates
69
what animals are homeothermic ectotherms
- environment determines body temperature, but the environmental temperature is very constant
70
what animals are endothermic poikilotherms
- animals that experience a range of temperatures as they use their endothermy for specific situations (before flight, etc)
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